solid state flash memory capacity

solid state flash memory capacity

Besides these, there are the portable ssds as well that are smaller in size compared to the 2.5" drives and are connected to the system via usb. This process called out-of-place updating increases the number of invalid pages. Having a low price, multi-level cell drive is not as durable as compared with SLC flash memories with an expected read and write cycle of only 10,000. All of the cells start off drained of charge. Faster read speeds would also mean faster file access and transfers, quicker loading times, and smoother performance when you are browsing through your files. Manufacturers such as Intel aim to improve the write performance via several techniques such as Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Given that solid-state drives are configured on two form factors, their transport interface is also different. There is another type of flash that Samsung adopted called is triple level cell (TLC). NAND logic gates are generally applied for RAM, USB memory, and SSDs. Due to the erase-before-write requirement of flash memory, write requests to valid pages (i.e., updates) must be performed on new blocks and the original pages need to be marked as invalid. This approach also protects against whole die or segments failing, which extends the MTBF of flash considerably. For example the more expensive enterprise grade SSDs are made of SLC memory which support higher number of write cycles. In this guide, we are going to give you a better understanding of solid-state drives (SSD) and how you can choose what is best for you. As in the case with an HDD, physical blocks that have been marked bad may still contain remnant user data. Like any other pc hardware component, ssds also have a lot of technical parameters associated with their capacity and performance that are worth knowing if you want to get the best ssd performance for your machine. Your email address will not be published. From the applications viewpoint, an SSD looks and acts just like a hard drive, albeit usually a relatively small one. This erase operation does not overwrite the blocks like an HDD write or format command would. Now that you have an idea of what an SSD is, it is time to dive into technical specifications that you should know when shopping for a solid-state drive. The M.2 drives also support the NVMe standard which makes them much faster than the SATA based SSDs. My point is that when analyzing disk performance, a major consideration is whether or not the disk has constant load or not. IOPS or Input/Output Operations Per Second determines how fast an SSD can read and write random packets of data like browser files, cookies, saved game data, and documents. Moving to M.2 drives, its sequential read speed could vary between 2.4 GB per second up to 3.4 GB per second. More details can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_XPoint. Eric Conrad, Joshua Feldman, in CISSP Study Guide (Third Edition), 2016. However, packing three bits on one cell has a few drawbacks like slower performance, decreased reliability, and endurance. The solid state contrasts with a hard disk drive (HDD), which consists of components with hollow and moving states. To give you an idea, a typical 7200 RPM hard drive would have a sequential read speed rating of 80-160 MB per second. Data on SSD drives that are not physically damaged may be securely removed via ATA Secure Erase. Last is the storage capacity. Western Digital 2.5 inch SATA Solid State Drive. But what makes an SSD faster ? This is similar to behavior that I've seen on enterprise-class servers connected to a storage area network (SAN). Also, electronically shredding a file (ie, overwriting the files data before deleting it, which we will discuss shortly) is not effective. Modern desktop motherboards have M.2 slots where the drive can be installed directly. Solid state drives have minds of their own. John Sammons, in The Basics of Digital Forensics (Second Edition), 2015. For better understanding, a 250 GB SSD would usually have a 70 TWB rating which you can max out for a year if you store 190 GB of new data every day, which is impossible for a typical user. In comparison, traditional hard drives would have a write speed of 160 MB per second, which is slow, compared to the 530 MB per second sequential write speed of modern solid-state drives. SSDs with the higher density NAND flash memory structure were developed by M-System in 1995; however, their use was limited to certain applications (e.g., in industrial or military settings) due to their high cost. For a couple of bucks, an SSD is a great way to improve your systems overall performance and would surely last longer compared to HDDs. Marcos Dias de Assuno, Laurent Lefvre, in Advances in Computers, 2012. But dont get us wrong, TLC drives are still great, and it is also used for enthusiast-grade SSDs. A solid-state drive, or SSD, is essentially memory that is being used to act as hard drive storage. SanDisk provides the following details: When the relevant secure erase command is executed on the SanDisk SSD, all blocks in the physical address space, regardless of whether they are currently or were previously allocated to the logical space, are completely erased (the logical to physical mapping table is also erased). Later sections discuss advantages of disk arrays with mixed storage (i.e., mixing hard disk drives and SSDs). Furthermore, the erase operation has a long latency that needs to be hidden. To put that in context, a 500 GB variant of Western Digital Blue SSD is priced around $60 while its 4 TB model would cost you over $500 on Amazon. You can expect about 3,000-5,000 read and write cycles per cell with this type of NAND flash, which is really low compared to MLC and SLC flash memories. But they also offer the higher amount of storage space per unit price. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=C337FACBF12BDCE2, A comprehensive survey of issues in solid state drives, The Basics of Digital Forensics (Second Edition), Domain 2: Asset Security (Protecting Security of Assets), State of the Art on Technology and Practices for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Data Storage. First, not all live CDs will boot on an Eee PC. NAND flash memory-based solid-state drives (SSDs) are widely used as a secondary memory in modern computing systems due to their superior performance compared to magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs). The most common solid-state drives come in a 2.5 or 7 mm configuration which is about the size of a traditional laptop hard drive. With that said, I have been using SSDs under constant use for over 6 years now with no problems. SSD is flash technology-based storage as it does not require power. On a positive note, TLC drives are the least expensive on the market and are still a viable option compared to mechanical hard drives. Flash technology-based storage. For example, the Western Digital Blue SSD has a 4KB sequential read speed of 97,000 IOPS. But when under constant load, the SSD runs extremely fastless than 2ms on average. For example the Western Digital Blue SSD comes in both 2.5 and M.2 form factors with a wide range of storage capacity options. FTL consists of the following functionalities: Maps logical addresses from the host system to physical addresses of flash memories. Alternatively you could use M.2 PCI-e card to install M.2 drives on a desktop that don't have a dedicated M.2 slot on the motherboard. Writes about Computer hardware, Linux and Open Source software and coding in Python, Php and Javascript. The negatives are that they are much more expensive per GB and dont have the same capacity as a typical hard drive. Table IV presents a simple comparison between a Seagates Pulsar enterprise SSD and a high performance SAS 15K-rpm HDD. The defective blocks can be easily isolated and no longer used by the SSD controller. Many drive manufactures, both large and small, are coming out with new techniques to improve the read and write performances of SSDs, making them more attractive. Chips and segments of chips are treated almost as disk drives in a RAID-like structure using Reed-Solomon codes to protect against bit errors. Table III. A Tech Enthusiast, Blogger, Linux Fan and a Software Developer. The scenario is however different when considering the cost per Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS). This is also called the wear level. Also, SSDs do not overwrite blocks that contain data; the device will instead write data to an unused block and mark the previous block unallocated. 2) [15]. This is both problematic and troubling from the perspective of the forensic analyst. vREAD turns on all the transistors in the chain, irrespective of whether a 1 or 0 is stored, but the lower voltage on the desired wordline allows the electrons stored in the floating gate to determine if the cell conducts or not. The performance of HDDs has stagnated due to the limitations in the rotational speed of magnetic platters and the seek time of actuator arms. Binarytides is a tech website where we publish high quality tutorials and guides on variety of topics including coding, linux/open source and computer hardware. Section 10 introduces page allocation strategies on SSDs. This leads to slower performance. To better understand the storage cell types, lets take a look at the features of each. However, SSDs get even more expensive as you increase its capacity. Choosing the right interface for your SSD is also important as this can further improve the already fast performance of your drive. This type of protection is essential, since flash is prone to higher levels of errors as it gets written many times, as well as random bit errors due to electronic noise. Sequential read speed is the rating of how quickly large files can be accessed on your storage device when reading memory locations sequentially. The erase operations can be executed in background before further requests to write the page contents. Having no mechanical parts, they are significantly faster than hard drives. The maximum speed of NVMe M.2 drives is around 3-5 GB/s. In this case, it is safe to say that most SSDs would have a lifespan of double or even triple compared to an ordinary hard drive in normal usage. The address pointer for the block is changed to point to an empty block inside a chunk that has been erased previously. When a controller wants to load up the cell with data it opens the inlet transistor to let a charge enter the cell. The M.2 drives are bare circuit boards without any enclosure. Because the secure erase operation also regenerates the internal encryption key, it is not possible to decrypt the data, even if it were accessible. [7]. The first version of SSDs were RAM-based invented by StorageTeK in 1978. M.2 drives are also a great option for laptops, given that it is supported by your laptop. TRIM is an attribute of the ATA Data Set Management Command. SSDs have become the default storage media on laptops, and desktops compared to traditional hard drives. There are many types of SSDs, but my intent is to cover them only from a generalized perspective. 10 Technical Specifications of CPU Air Coolers Explained - The Complete Guide, 7 Technical Specifications of RAM Explained - A Guide to Computer Memory, 10 Important Features (Specs) of Gaming Mouse Explained - The Complete Guide, 8 Technical Specifications of PSU Explained - The Power Supply of PC, 6 Technical Specifications of AIO Coolers Explained - Socket, Radiator, TDP and more, 12 Important Specifications of Processor (CPU) Explained - The Ultimate Guide, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_cell, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory#NAND_flash, Memory Cell Type - SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC, PLC. SSD stands for solid state drive. The internal data structure is not well understood and may contain hidden data useful in forensics. To make sure youre not wasting your time and money, you should discuss this with the vendor before making a financial commitment. Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) of SSDs is generally improved by packaging additional memory cells in the SSDs, transparently replacing defective cells, and applying wear leveling algorithms that insure uniform wear of the flash memory. For that price, you can already build a decent desktop PC. When compared to an SSD, the Western Digital Blue has a read speed of up to 560 MB per second which is three times the performance of a traditional hard drive. To put this in context, a 7200 RPM hard drive would have a 120 IOPS rating, which is less than 1 MB per second. These bits are controlled by an electric charge that either turns it off or on. TBW indicates how much data you can write on an SSD over its lifespan. This is done in pages, typically of two or more megabytes at a time, which is one of the uniquenesses of flash. Furthermore, SSDs offer superior bandwidth, higher random I/O performance, lower power consumption, higher shock resistance, and improved system reliability compared to HDDs [2, 3]. Most affordable flash memories and SSDs rely on MLC while high-end devices are often based on SLC. In practice, however, the energy savings will depend on how the storage solutions use the SSDs and HDDs, and the characteristics of the workload applied to the storage equipments. Destruction is the best method for SSD drives that are physically damaged. Data is written to flash on a page-level and a page must be completely erased before it can be written to again. Due to its high production costs, there are only a few drives with this NAND memory and they are really expensive. Electrically, NAND flash is a sophisticated mixture of digital and analog electronics. SSD architectures have been developed to exploit the advantages of flash memories and to hide their disadvantages. That is a lot of performance! Flash memory-based SSDs were introduced in 1989 by Western Digital. In addition, it is currently more expensive than hard disk drives per gigabyte. SSDs are much faster compared to Hard Disks or HDDs. Flash memories make SSDs faster as data is available in an instant for your computer to read, compared to an HDD that needs its disk platters to first spin and reach the location physically before it can find the data. It has three bits. Table V. IOPS and cost for HDDs and SSDs. Destruction is the best method for SSD drives that are physically damaged. They should match exactly, verifying the integrity of the evidence (Bell and Boddington, 2010). Typically found on server-grade drives, single-level cell flash is known to be the most accurate when it comes to reading and writing data. Hence, it is also called as nonvolatile flash memory. Reassembly can also require a bit of time. Another observation that I noticed about the SSD drive in my laptop is that when there is little demand (few, if any, outstanding I/O requests in the queue), then the response times are often higher than 15ms. Reading involves placing a vREAD voltage on all the wordlines in a page, with the wordline needing to be read at an even lower voltage.

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solid state flash memory capacity

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Besides these, there are the portable ssds as well that are smaller in size compared to the 2.5" drives and are connected to the system via usb. This process called out-of-place updating increases the number of invalid pages. Having a low price, multi-level cell drive is not as durable as compared with SLC flash memories with an expected read and write cycle of only 10,000. All of the cells start off drained of charge. Faster read speeds would also mean faster file access and transfers, quicker loading times, and smoother performance when you are browsing through your files. Manufacturers such as Intel aim to improve the write performance via several techniques such as Native Command Queuing (NCQ). Given that solid-state drives are configured on two form factors, their transport interface is also different. There is another type of flash that Samsung adopted called is triple level cell (TLC). NAND logic gates are generally applied for RAM, USB memory, and SSDs. Due to the erase-before-write requirement of flash memory, write requests to valid pages (i.e., updates) must be performed on new blocks and the original pages need to be marked as invalid. This approach also protects against whole die or segments failing, which extends the MTBF of flash considerably. For example the more expensive enterprise grade SSDs are made of SLC memory which support higher number of write cycles. In this guide, we are going to give you a better understanding of solid-state drives (SSD) and how you can choose what is best for you. As in the case with an HDD, physical blocks that have been marked bad may still contain remnant user data. Like any other pc hardware component, ssds also have a lot of technical parameters associated with their capacity and performance that are worth knowing if you want to get the best ssd performance for your machine. Your email address will not be published. From the applications viewpoint, an SSD looks and acts just like a hard drive, albeit usually a relatively small one. This erase operation does not overwrite the blocks like an HDD write or format command would. Now that you have an idea of what an SSD is, it is time to dive into technical specifications that you should know when shopping for a solid-state drive. The M.2 drives also support the NVMe standard which makes them much faster than the SATA based SSDs. My point is that when analyzing disk performance, a major consideration is whether or not the disk has constant load or not. IOPS or Input/Output Operations Per Second determines how fast an SSD can read and write random packets of data like browser files, cookies, saved game data, and documents. Moving to M.2 drives, its sequential read speed could vary between 2.4 GB per second up to 3.4 GB per second. More details can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_XPoint. Eric Conrad, Joshua Feldman, in CISSP Study Guide (Third Edition), 2016. However, packing three bits on one cell has a few drawbacks like slower performance, decreased reliability, and endurance. The solid state contrasts with a hard disk drive (HDD), which consists of components with hollow and moving states. To give you an idea, a typical 7200 RPM hard drive would have a sequential read speed rating of 80-160 MB per second. Data on SSD drives that are not physically damaged may be securely removed via ATA Secure Erase. Last is the storage capacity. Western Digital 2.5 inch SATA Solid State Drive. But what makes an SSD faster ? This is similar to behavior that I've seen on enterprise-class servers connected to a storage area network (SAN). Also, electronically shredding a file (ie, overwriting the files data before deleting it, which we will discuss shortly) is not effective. Modern desktop motherboards have M.2 slots where the drive can be installed directly. Solid state drives have minds of their own. John Sammons, in The Basics of Digital Forensics (Second Edition), 2015. For better understanding, a 250 GB SSD would usually have a 70 TWB rating which you can max out for a year if you store 190 GB of new data every day, which is impossible for a typical user. In comparison, traditional hard drives would have a write speed of 160 MB per second, which is slow, compared to the 530 MB per second sequential write speed of modern solid-state drives. SSDs with the higher density NAND flash memory structure were developed by M-System in 1995; however, their use was limited to certain applications (e.g., in industrial or military settings) due to their high cost. For a couple of bucks, an SSD is a great way to improve your systems overall performance and would surely last longer compared to HDDs. Marcos Dias de Assuno, Laurent Lefvre, in Advances in Computers, 2012. But dont get us wrong, TLC drives are still great, and it is also used for enthusiast-grade SSDs. A solid-state drive, or SSD, is essentially memory that is being used to act as hard drive storage. SanDisk provides the following details: When the relevant secure erase command is executed on the SanDisk SSD, all blocks in the physical address space, regardless of whether they are currently or were previously allocated to the logical space, are completely erased (the logical to physical mapping table is also erased). Later sections discuss advantages of disk arrays with mixed storage (i.e., mixing hard disk drives and SSDs). Furthermore, the erase operation has a long latency that needs to be hidden. To put that in context, a 500 GB variant of Western Digital Blue SSD is priced around $60 while its 4 TB model would cost you over $500 on Amazon. You can expect about 3,000-5,000 read and write cycles per cell with this type of NAND flash, which is really low compared to MLC and SLC flash memories. But they also offer the higher amount of storage space per unit price. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=C337FACBF12BDCE2, A comprehensive survey of issues in solid state drives, The Basics of Digital Forensics (Second Edition), Domain 2: Asset Security (Protecting Security of Assets), State of the Art on Technology and Practices for Improving the Energy Efficiency of Data Storage. First, not all live CDs will boot on an Eee PC. NAND flash memory-based solid-state drives (SSDs) are widely used as a secondary memory in modern computing systems due to their superior performance compared to magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs). The most common solid-state drives come in a 2.5 or 7 mm configuration which is about the size of a traditional laptop hard drive. With that said, I have been using SSDs under constant use for over 6 years now with no problems. SSD is flash technology-based storage as it does not require power. On a positive note, TLC drives are the least expensive on the market and are still a viable option compared to mechanical hard drives. Flash technology-based storage. For example, the Western Digital Blue SSD has a 4KB sequential read speed of 97,000 IOPS. But when under constant load, the SSD runs extremely fastless than 2ms on average. For example the Western Digital Blue SSD comes in both 2.5 and M.2 form factors with a wide range of storage capacity options. FTL consists of the following functionalities: Maps logical addresses from the host system to physical addresses of flash memories. Alternatively you could use M.2 PCI-e card to install M.2 drives on a desktop that don't have a dedicated M.2 slot on the motherboard. Writes about Computer hardware, Linux and Open Source software and coding in Python, Php and Javascript. The negatives are that they are much more expensive per GB and dont have the same capacity as a typical hard drive. Table IV presents a simple comparison between a Seagates Pulsar enterprise SSD and a high performance SAS 15K-rpm HDD. The defective blocks can be easily isolated and no longer used by the SSD controller. Many drive manufactures, both large and small, are coming out with new techniques to improve the read and write performances of SSDs, making them more attractive. Chips and segments of chips are treated almost as disk drives in a RAID-like structure using Reed-Solomon codes to protect against bit errors. Table III. A Tech Enthusiast, Blogger, Linux Fan and a Software Developer. The scenario is however different when considering the cost per Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS). This is also called the wear level. Also, SSDs do not overwrite blocks that contain data; the device will instead write data to an unused block and mark the previous block unallocated. 2) [15]. This is both problematic and troubling from the perspective of the forensic analyst. vREAD turns on all the transistors in the chain, irrespective of whether a 1 or 0 is stored, but the lower voltage on the desired wordline allows the electrons stored in the floating gate to determine if the cell conducts or not. The performance of HDDs has stagnated due to the limitations in the rotational speed of magnetic platters and the seek time of actuator arms. Binarytides is a tech website where we publish high quality tutorials and guides on variety of topics including coding, linux/open source and computer hardware. Section 10 introduces page allocation strategies on SSDs. This leads to slower performance. To better understand the storage cell types, lets take a look at the features of each. However, SSDs get even more expensive as you increase its capacity. Choosing the right interface for your SSD is also important as this can further improve the already fast performance of your drive. This type of protection is essential, since flash is prone to higher levels of errors as it gets written many times, as well as random bit errors due to electronic noise. Sequential read speed is the rating of how quickly large files can be accessed on your storage device when reading memory locations sequentially. The erase operations can be executed in background before further requests to write the page contents. Having no mechanical parts, they are significantly faster than hard drives. The maximum speed of NVMe M.2 drives is around 3-5 GB/s. In this case, it is safe to say that most SSDs would have a lifespan of double or even triple compared to an ordinary hard drive in normal usage. The address pointer for the block is changed to point to an empty block inside a chunk that has been erased previously. When a controller wants to load up the cell with data it opens the inlet transistor to let a charge enter the cell. The M.2 drives are bare circuit boards without any enclosure. Because the secure erase operation also regenerates the internal encryption key, it is not possible to decrypt the data, even if it were accessible. [7]. The first version of SSDs were RAM-based invented by StorageTeK in 1978. M.2 drives are also a great option for laptops, given that it is supported by your laptop. TRIM is an attribute of the ATA Data Set Management Command. SSDs have become the default storage media on laptops, and desktops compared to traditional hard drives. There are many types of SSDs, but my intent is to cover them only from a generalized perspective. 10 Technical Specifications of CPU Air Coolers Explained - The Complete Guide, 7 Technical Specifications of RAM Explained - A Guide to Computer Memory, 10 Important Features (Specs) of Gaming Mouse Explained - The Complete Guide, 8 Technical Specifications of PSU Explained - The Power Supply of PC, 6 Technical Specifications of AIO Coolers Explained - Socket, Radiator, TDP and more, 12 Important Specifications of Processor (CPU) Explained - The Ultimate Guide, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVM_Express, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_cell, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory#NAND_flash, Memory Cell Type - SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC, PLC. SSD stands for solid state drive. The internal data structure is not well understood and may contain hidden data useful in forensics. To make sure youre not wasting your time and money, you should discuss this with the vendor before making a financial commitment. Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) of SSDs is generally improved by packaging additional memory cells in the SSDs, transparently replacing defective cells, and applying wear leveling algorithms that insure uniform wear of the flash memory. For that price, you can already build a decent desktop PC. When compared to an SSD, the Western Digital Blue has a read speed of up to 560 MB per second which is three times the performance of a traditional hard drive. To put this in context, a 7200 RPM hard drive would have a 120 IOPS rating, which is less than 1 MB per second. These bits are controlled by an electric charge that either turns it off or on. TBW indicates how much data you can write on an SSD over its lifespan. This is done in pages, typically of two or more megabytes at a time, which is one of the uniquenesses of flash. Furthermore, SSDs offer superior bandwidth, higher random I/O performance, lower power consumption, higher shock resistance, and improved system reliability compared to HDDs [2, 3]. Most affordable flash memories and SSDs rely on MLC while high-end devices are often based on SLC. In practice, however, the energy savings will depend on how the storage solutions use the SSDs and HDDs, and the characteristics of the workload applied to the storage equipments. Destruction is the best method for SSD drives that are physically damaged. Data is written to flash on a page-level and a page must be completely erased before it can be written to again. Due to its high production costs, there are only a few drives with this NAND memory and they are really expensive. Electrically, NAND flash is a sophisticated mixture of digital and analog electronics. SSD architectures have been developed to exploit the advantages of flash memories and to hide their disadvantages. That is a lot of performance! Flash memory-based SSDs were introduced in 1989 by Western Digital. In addition, it is currently more expensive than hard disk drives per gigabyte. SSDs are much faster compared to Hard Disks or HDDs. Flash memories make SSDs faster as data is available in an instant for your computer to read, compared to an HDD that needs its disk platters to first spin and reach the location physically before it can find the data. It has three bits. Table V. IOPS and cost for HDDs and SSDs. Destruction is the best method for SSD drives that are physically damaged. They should match exactly, verifying the integrity of the evidence (Bell and Boddington, 2010). Typically found on server-grade drives, single-level cell flash is known to be the most accurate when it comes to reading and writing data. Hence, it is also called as nonvolatile flash memory. Reassembly can also require a bit of time. Another observation that I noticed about the SSD drive in my laptop is that when there is little demand (few, if any, outstanding I/O requests in the queue), then the response times are often higher than 15ms. Reading involves placing a vREAD voltage on all the wordlines in a page, with the wordline needing to be read at an even lower voltage. Mikasa Wedding Picture Frame, 120 Ivory Polyester Round Tablecloth, Beard Soap And Conditioner, Sparks Hostel Rotterdam Tripadvisor, Iphone 12 Mini Floating Case, Matching Bracelets For Couples Near Me, Products For Allergy Sufferers, House Number Plate For Gate, Chesapeake Polywood Dining Set, Sports Apparel Liquidation,

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