is two stage evaporative cooling passive

Saraswathy, V.; Song, H.-W. The mechanism according to claim 11 further including means for exhausting said first portion of ambient air. Heat. published in the various research areas of the journal. The cooling tower according to claim 6 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. Effects of metakaolin and silica fume on properties of concrete. Comfort ventilation, nighttime ventilation, radiant cooling, evaporative cooling, and soil cooling are examples of passive cooling techniques [, Evaporative cooling is the process by which air temperature is reduced through the evaporation of water within an airstream. ; Gandhidasan, P.; Rehman, S.; Al-Hadhrami, L.M. The rate of flow into the tank controls the length of time water flows over the pads. Float valve 52 also controls water flow to tank 50 containing float 51A. Float valve 52 is used to control the flow of water over the evaporative cooler pads 53A and 53B (not shown) which are described in FIGS. Natural draft evaporative coolers, popularly known as "cool towers", are recent developments which provide very low cost cooling in dry climates. The air is used for cooling and ventilating structures. Tower 30 is similarly divided vertically into two sections by partition 35: a dry section leading to the evaporative cooler pads 18 and the cooled structure 31F; and a parallel section discharging to waste 31D. ; Van Deventer, J.S.J. The mechanism according to claim 9 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. Cerci, Y. Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K. Preparation and properties of porous alumina ceramics with uni-directionally oriented pores by extrusion method using a plastic substance as a pore former. Duan, Z.; Zhan, C.; Zhang, X.; Mustafa, M.; Zhao, X.; Alimohammadisagvand, B.; Hasan, A. In U.S. Pat. 1 is a cutaway view of the preferred embodiment of the invention that operates without electrical power. New research attempts to obtain good indoor air quality while achieving thermal comfort in various climates for energy efficiency. Passive cooling techniques have been used mostly in countries with hot and arid climates such as Iran, Egypt, and India. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Total independence from electrical requirements is obtained by using the invention's timed pulsed water valve which relies upon hydraulic pressure in the timing of the pulses. In this manner, the air to be cooled is pre-cooled by heat exchanger 17 without raising the moisture content of the air. The need for electric power is reduced significantly by using a surging valve such as those commercially available from Energy Saver Mfg. Operation of the towers depends on the density difference between the tower and outside air. As the orifice permits the tank to drain, the float valve reaches a point where the float valve opens the line which both charges the evaporative cooling pads and refills the tank with water. In Proceedings of the Building Simulation of Passive Down-Draught Evaporative Cooling (PDEC) Systems in EnergyPlus, Glasgow, Scotland, 2730 July 2009. Hybrid system including DEC coupled with of nocturnal radiative cooling, cooling coil. Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. The flow of water from tank 50 through outlet orifice 55 is controlled via valve 56. Al Bakri et al. Air Cond. He, P.; Jia, D.; Lin, T.; Wang, M.; Zhou, Y. Gravity dampers 11 are mounted on inclined frames inside turret 10. Riangvilaikul, B.; Kumar, S. An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system. 22. Passive down draught evaporative cooling (PDEC). This invention relates to evaporative cooling systems and more particularly to cool towers. Numerous studies have been conducted to reduce energy consumption during evaporative cooling [, Many researchers have investigated different types of evaporative coolers, such as direct, indirect, and modified coolers [, Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) systems rely on the direct channeling of water into the airflow. Dias, D.P. Theory and applications. 3) damper means for preventing said ambient air flow from exiting through said at least one wind opening, and. In one embodiment of the invention, the float and tank are placed under the pads and the line refilling the tank is eliminated. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132309000511. ; Thaumaturgo, C. Fracture toughness of geopolymeric concretes reinforced with basalt fibers. ; Panias, D. Utilization of alumina red mud for synthesis of inorganic polymeric materials. 8) at least one exhaust window for exhausting air from said second airflow path; c) a heat exchanger having a first surface and a second surface, said first surface communicating with said first airflow path, said second surface communicating with said second airflow path; d) a primary cooling system having means for evaporatively cooling the first surface of said heat exchanger using water from said water supply line and the first portion of said ambient air flow; e) a first cooling means for cooling the second portion of said ambient air flow through contact with the second surface of said heat exchanger; 1) evaporatively cooling said second portion of said ambient air flow in said second air flow path using water from said means for capturing excess water, and. Mineral Research and Tourist Hub, Badwater, CA. Costelloe, B.; Finn, D. Thermal effectiveness characteristics of low approach indirect evaporative cooling systems in buildings. Kulkarni, R.; Rajput, S. Performance evaluation of two stage indirect/direct evaporative cooler with alternative shapes and cooling media in direct stage. As indicated by arrow 31E, air from heat exchanger 37 flows over the evaporative cooling pads 18 and generates cooled air flow 31F. Heidarinejad, G.; Bozorgmehr, M.; Delfani, S.; Esmaeelian, J. 1a is a cutaway functional view of an embodiment of the invention that operates without electrical power. ; Ugwuishiwu, B.O. Am. Evaporative pads 47 utilize water from the oil/water separator 43. Turret 10 has insect screen on four sides and a rain tight roof. FIG. Heidarinejad, G.; Farmahini Farahani, M.; Delfani, S. Investigation of a hybrid system of nocturnal radiative cooling and direct evaporative cooling. Kamal, M.A. The effectiveness of the two stages is 108%111% while the effectiveness of IEC is 55%61%; 60% power saving. Air flows into the turret as described for FIG. Luyten, J.; Mullens, S.; Snijkers, F.; Buekenhoudt, A. ; Zarina, Y. Microstructure of different NaOH molarity of fly ash-based green polymeric cement. Drain slots 7 permit water to pass from one circumferntial fin to another in an organized manner. Available online: Sou Fujimoto designs nature-inspired towerfor Montpellier modern follies project. Cooling requirements should be determined, and their advantages and disadvantages should be carefully considered before making a decision. Different types of evaporative coolers, such as direct, indirect, and modified coolers could be employed considering their limitations and climate condition. The chimney effect, in reverse, causes the cool air to flow by gravity down the tower. FIG. Sharifi, A.; Yamagata, Y. Fabrication of Structural Leucite GlassCeramics from Potassium-Based Geopolymer Precursors. A method of cooling an air flow of ambient air comprising the steps of: a) admitting said air flow of ambient air into a top portion of a tower; b) preventing said ambient air flow from exiting through said top portion of a tower; b) evaporatively cooling a first surface of a heat exchanger using water from a water supply and a first portion of said ambient air flow; c) cooling a second portion of said ambient air flow through contact with a second surface of said heat exchanger; d) evaporatively cooling said second portion of said embient air flow; and. The development of commercial wind towers for natural ventilation: A review. Available online. ; Riffat, S.B. Another DEC design adopts porous ceramics that use their capillary property as evaporators to extract water without using a pump [. Washburn, E.W. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In traditional evaporative coolers, a group of developments have arisen which attempt to widen the range of evaporative coolers into more humid environs. Porous mullite ceramics from national clay produced by gelcasting. In another embodiment careful design is required to assure that the temperature drop through heat exchanger 36 is sufficient to operate as an auxiliary cool tower. Jain, D. Modeling of solar passive techniques for roof cooling in arid regions. The mechanism according to claim 9 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. ; Newell, T.A. You are accessing a machine-readable page. In this paper, we discuss various studies on geopolymers, which can be used in evaporative cooling technologies. ; Palomo, A.; Deventer, J.S.J. However, DEC systems also have limitations, including the growth of Legionella bacteria in water droplets in the airflow supply [, Indirect evaporative cooling derives its effect from the cooling influence of water evaporation, not directly via airflow but through a non-porous wall. Provis, J.L. Available online: Verdolotti, L.; Iannace, S.; Lavorgna, M.; Lamanna, R. Geopolymerization reaction to consolidate incoherent pozzolanic soil. The finned heat exchanger heat pipes 32 pass through a partition 35, dividing the exchanger into a wet section 36 and a dry section 37. Rattanasak, U.; Pankhet, K.; Chindaprasirt, P. Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer. ; Calautit, J.K.; Ghani, S.A. He, J. In an ideal setting, air will maintain an adiabatic trajectory within a psychometric diagram. Modeling and optimal design of evaporative cooling system in controlled environment greenhouse. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. passive evaporative cooling; geopolymers; waste materials; design, Evaporative Cooling Applications, HVAC Applications, Advanced Energy Saving Through the Use of Evaporative Cooling and Energy Recovery in Hybrid HVAC Systems. The mechanism according to claim 15 wherein said primary cooling system includes evaporative pads in contact with said heat exchanger. Experimental investigation of two-stage indirect/direct evaporative cooling system in various climatic conditions. 578581. 1A, 3, and 4. Evaporative cooling pads located around the upper tower perimeter fill the tower with cool air at a higher density than ambient air. Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K.; Hotta, Y. [, Environmental protection is a top global concern that requires the reduction of energy consumption. Water through valve 56 is discharged as waste 19. Chilled water coil conjunction with a DEC pad. Robinson, D.; Lomas, K.J. Velasco Gmez, E.; Rey Martnez, F.J.; Varela Diez, F.; Molina Leyva, M.J.; Herrero Martn, R. Description and experimental results of a semi-indirect ceramic evaporative cooler. Effects of RHA on autogenous shrinkage of Portland cement pastes. Examples of geopolymer frameworks. 309316. Soc. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. In one embodiment of the invention, the ambient air flow and hydraulic pressure are all that is required for the embodiment to operate and all reliance upon electrical energy is eliminated. The float valve controls water flow to the pad distribution system and to the tank containing the float. Warmed oil is caught in pans 46B from packed tower 44 and is re-circulated to packed tower 45 to repeat the cycle. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Review of passive solar heating and cooling technologies. ; van Deventer, J.S.J. Designing water resistant lightweight geopolymers produced from waste materials. ; Wei, H.; Meng, G.-Y. The dynamics of capillary flow. 2) exhausting said second portion of said ambient air flow through said at least one exhaust window. Owner name: An Overview of Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: Design, Concepts and Architectural Interventions. 23. 3. What kind of the cooling materials are available? Water and oil are pumped over packing in the heat rejecting section 45. FIG. 6) at least one exhaust window for exhausting air from said first airflow path. Tippayasam, C.; Boonsalee, S.; Sajjavanich, S.; Ponzoni, C.; Kamseu, E.; Chaysuwan, D. Geopolymer development by powders of metakaolin and wastes in Thailand. 4 also employs the split tower concept, with the oil-water system of U.S. Pat. The following checklist facilitates the selection of an appropriate design [. Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. In a biomic architecture project of the Mineral Research and Tourist Hub in Badwater, Death Valley, California, abundant sunlight, salty water bodies, and vast salt plateaus are used as the key variables to produce green energy electricity via solar molten salt technology. In this example packed towers are used, which could be packed with Raschig rings, Pall Rings, or a suitable cooling tower fill, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. ; Martinez, F.R. The results demonstrate the overall effectiveness of hybrid system is more than 100%. A numerical simulation method for analyzing the thermal improvement effect of super-hydrophilic photocatalyst-coated building surfaces with water film on the urban/built environment. The implementation of evaporative cooling is expected to result in tremendous energy savings [, Selecting a suitable cooling design is a complex process. Available online: Yoneda, Y. kvra, F.; Kopeck, L.; Nemecek, J.; Bittnar, Z. Microstructure of geopolymer materials based on fly ash. For example, to enhance removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, FA will require a certain number of chemical modifications [, Several recent studies have involved the use of MK in synergy with industrial waste materials, such as red mud, rice husk ash (RHA), and FA in geopolymerization [, Another potential waste material that can be used as a raw material is rice husk, which represents the bulk of agricultural residues and is a byproduct of the milling process. The effect of microwave incinerated rice husk ash on the compressive and bond strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Tangchirapat, W.; Buranasing, R.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; Chindaprasirt, P. Influence of rice huskbark ash on mechanical properties of concrete containing high amount of recycled aggregates. The cooling tower according to claim 5 wherein said at least two pipes further include heat exchange fins on the interior thereof. ; Gomez, E.V. The heat exchanger tubes permit one surface (the exterior in this case) to be cooled through evaporation and let the primary air (that which is used to cool the building) to be cooled by a second surface (the interior and fins 8 in this example) without raising the moisture content of the primary air stream. The mechanism according to claim 16 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. ; Lorenzen, L. The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilise toxic metals: Part I. Guo, X.; Zhao, T. A parametric study of an indirect evaporative air cooler. Several materials have been analyzed for this system and used for practical applications, such as textile and building materials for cooling buildings. A tower, or vertical shaft, equipped with a two stage evaporative cooler near the top. This type of This patent is incorporated hereinto by reference. Corrosion performance of rice husk ash blended concrete. Xie, J.; Yin, J.; Chen, J.; Xu, J. Feature Beginning the description with the valve closed and the float 51A at its highest position as controlled by water level 58A in tank 50, valve 56 is adjusted for the water to drain slowly from tank 50. 1a. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Wood fibers have also been successfully used to reinforce geopolymer composites with concomitant enhancement in both mechanical and fractural properties [, FA geopolymers do not require high-temperature processing methods. 15. One stream 31C flows over the wetted finned heat pipes 36 and which are reduced in temperature by evaporative cooling while heat is removed from the dry cooling section. Novel ideas for passive cooling design using ancient and nature-inspired concepts are also presented to promote green technology for future applications. evolo-Architecture Magazine 2010. FIG. Toya, T.; Tamura, Y.; Kameshima, Y.; Okada, K. Preparation and properties of CaO-MgO-Al. The invention, together with various embodiments thereof will be more fully described by the following drawings and their accompanying descriptions. Oil from the separator is pumped to the water free packed tower 44 which removes sensible heat from the primary air stream. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Flow control 13 modulates the water so that heat exchangers 17 stay moistened and therefore are cooled by evaporative cooling. These towers are used for cooling residences, wind sheltered outdoor areas, and even bus stops, and are found in the southwestern United States and Saudi Arabia. This invention consists of a tower, or vertical shaft, equipped with a two stage evaporative cooler near the top. Note that the rate of flow through adjustable valve 54 into tank 50 controls the length of time water flows over the pads. The mechanism according to claim 8 wherein said primary cooling system includes evaporative pads in contact with said heat exchanger. This cooling strategy will continue at night by using the thermal mass in the chimney, and the upper accommodation area will be evaporatively cooled directly by the air that crosses the ventilation as the skins open [, In another design created by Orlando de Urrutia (Eco-Cybernetic City), a 150-floor building can harness all types of natural sources, including water, wind, and solar energy. 1, with a reduction in temperatures as air flows through the dry section of the heat exchanger 37 and final cooling in the evaporative cooler. 9. The mechanism according to claim 16 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. The method of cooling an air flow according to claim 22 further comprising the steps of: a) trapping excess water from said first surface of said heat exchanger; and. 2. Freshwater is supplied to the internal courtyard for passive cooling of the redirected air. The cooler air falls through the tower at a rate which depends on the magnitude of the density difference, the height of the tower, the resistance to air flow provided by the tower and the associated structure, and wind forces on the tower-structure envelope. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. This approach involves the use of both passive and hybrid cooling techniques to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort. ; Vanka, P.S. However, this process requires higher fan power than that for indirect and direct evaporative coolers because of air splitting. He, J.; Hoyano, A. The authors would like to thank the DIP-2015-028 and GGPM-2012-027 Research Funds for providing financial support for this study. The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of green concrete. 1) at least one wind opening for admission of an ambient air flow caused by naturally occurring wind or downdraft, 2) at least one exhaust window at the bottom, and. ; Wong, R. Rate of pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin in high-performance cement pastes. 12. One of the vital attributes of geopolymer technology is its robust and versatile manufacturing process. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Liu, Y.-F.; Liu, X.-Q. 17. At the base of packing 45, the water-oil mixture is collected by pans 46A and separated in chamber 43. 324: Post Occupancy Evaluation of non-domestic buildings using owndraught cooling: Case studies in the US. ; Plasencia, M.A.-G. Simulation model of an indirect evaporative cooler. Synthesis and mechanical properties of new fibre-reinforced composites of inorganic polymers with natural wool fibres. For ; Kriven, W.M. The air moves from the lower ground to the upper floor because of the negative pressure created from the thermal chimney. Alzeer, M.; MacKenzie, K.D. Geopolymerization forms aluminosilicate frameworks, which are similar to rock-forming minerals [. The rate at which the water drains and the volume of the tank largely controls the cycle duration of the assembly. The rate of flow through the variable orifice 55 and valve 56 controls the time the water flow is turned off. The cooling tower according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. Nazari, A.; Riahi, S.; Bagheri, A. 4) gravity damper means for preventing said ambient air flow from exiting through said at least one wind opening; 5) means for directing a first portion of an ambient air flow through said first airflow path. The pipes are wetted by flow control 13 which is any of the common valves or surging valves known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Available online: Eco-Cybernetic CityEnvironmentally-Conscious Structure. Analysis on the passive evaporative cooling wall constructed of porous ceramic pipes with water sucking ability. Those of ordinary skill in the art readily recognize various devices that work in this capacity. heat pipes, Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. The cooled oil-like material is used to pre-cool, without humidifying, air before a second evaporative cooling step. Kang, D.; Strand, R.K. Building Simulation. These byproducts are harmful to the environment, readily available nearly everywhere, and highly resistant to natural degradation [, Another potential waste material is bagasse ash, which is a byproduct of sugar refineries. During evaporation, water needs the latent heat of vaporization, which is obtained from ambient air and decreased air temperature [, Evaporative cooling systems require less energy input than mechanical vapor compression systems because they obtain such input from ambient air. This approach enables maximizing the use of natural energy to create comfortable surroundings within a built envelope. No. Such demand will raise energy-related CO, The use of HVAC systems requires calibration with regard to passive cooling strategies because of the high energy consumption of such systems. An energy efficient cooling mechanism comprising: 3) at least one wind opening for admission of an ambient air flow caused by naturally occurring wind or downdraft to said first airflow path. 7. This review paper highlights the opportunities to use green materials, such as geopolymers, as evaporative cooling materials with different types of industrial and agricultural waste products as components. Dimas, D.D. Nehdi, M. Ternary and quaternary cements for sustainable development. ; Cook, M.J.; Eppel, H. Passive down-draught evaporative cooling: Thermal modelling of an office building. Both critical timing considerations are controlled. Kumar, A.; Kumar, S. Development of paving blocks from synergistic use of red mud and fly ash using geopolymerization. To maximize the perceived benefits of FA, technologies should be developed to devise means to maximize its use. Liberty, J.T. prior to publication. Mustafa Al Bakri, A.M.; Kamarudin, H.; Bnhussain, M.; Khairul Nizar, I.; Rafiza, A.R. Zhan, C.; Duan, Z.; Zhao, X.; Smith, S.; Jin, H.; Riffat, S. Comparative study of the performance of the M-cycle counter-flow and cross-flow heat exchangers for indirect evaporative coolingpaving the path toward sustainable cooling of buildings. In. All require a first stage heat exchanger which cools outside air without humidification. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. In one embodiment of the invention, the ambient air flow is all that is required for the embodiment to operate and all reliance upon electrical energy is eliminated. 3 is a cutaway functional view of another embodiment of the invention. The mechanism according to claim 16 wherein said heat exchanger includes heat pipes. Utilizing air flow 41A, heat is transferred from the oil to the water, which evaporates into the waste air stream 48C. ; Tiwari, G.N. ; Van Deventer, J.S.J. Dealing with hot and arid climates has enabled researchers to utilize multiple design approaches and strategies. 4. 8. The surges are timed so that the pads never dry completely and enough water is allowed to run to waste so that scaling or mineral deposition does not take place. 20. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Geopolymer/vermiculite composite. Shukla, A.; Tiwari, G.N. When incinerated, bagasse ash and RHA both produce approximately 80% amorphous silica, thereby making them suitable for pozzolan [, Investigations on natural fibers such as bamboo, sisal, jute, and cellulose have shown desirable effects on the mechanical and physical properties of brittle organic and inorganic matrices. In the absence of wind, gravity dampers 11 are open; the presence of wind causes the winward dampers to open and the leeward dampers to close, directing air into the heat exchanger tubes 17, as indicated by arrows 12B. This type of valve eliminates the need for a re-circulating pump since it "gushes" or pulses the required amount of water over the evaporative pads. A number of two stage evaporative cooling systems have been developed and are described in depth by Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 2nd Ed, Chapmann & Hall, New York, incorporated herein by reference. Theoretically, the dew point temperature of the inlet process air can be achieved using a modified evaporative cooler. 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; Lukey, G.C. Eng. and known as an "Aqua Saver". Fabrication and properties of mullite ceramics with needle-like crystals. 5 is a cutaway view of a valve which utilizes hydraulic pressure from the water source as its timing device. Using DEC in conjunction with a chilled coil results to 35% energy saving comparing the chilled coil for a LEED rated building, this corresponds to four credits for energy conservation. Chen, W.; Liu, S.; Lin, J. Application filed by Planetary Design Corp, Assigned to PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, A CORP. OF AZ, PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, A CORP. OF AZ, data:image/svg+xml;base64,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, data:image/svg+xml;base64,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, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING, HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT, Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, using the cooling effect of natural or forced evaporation, Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies, Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g.

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Saraswathy, V.; Song, H.-W. The mechanism according to claim 11 further including means for exhausting said first portion of ambient air. Heat. published in the various research areas of the journal. The cooling tower according to claim 6 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. Effects of metakaolin and silica fume on properties of concrete. Comfort ventilation, nighttime ventilation, radiant cooling, evaporative cooling, and soil cooling are examples of passive cooling techniques [, Evaporative cooling is the process by which air temperature is reduced through the evaporation of water within an airstream. ; Gandhidasan, P.; Rehman, S.; Al-Hadhrami, L.M. The rate of flow into the tank controls the length of time water flows over the pads. Float valve 52 also controls water flow to tank 50 containing float 51A. Float valve 52 is used to control the flow of water over the evaporative cooler pads 53A and 53B (not shown) which are described in FIGS. Natural draft evaporative coolers, popularly known as "cool towers", are recent developments which provide very low cost cooling in dry climates. The air is used for cooling and ventilating structures. Tower 30 is similarly divided vertically into two sections by partition 35: a dry section leading to the evaporative cooler pads 18 and the cooled structure 31F; and a parallel section discharging to waste 31D. ; Van Deventer, J.S.J. The mechanism according to claim 9 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. Cerci, Y. Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K. Preparation and properties of porous alumina ceramics with uni-directionally oriented pores by extrusion method using a plastic substance as a pore former. Duan, Z.; Zhan, C.; Zhang, X.; Mustafa, M.; Zhao, X.; Alimohammadisagvand, B.; Hasan, A. In U.S. Pat. 1 is a cutaway view of the preferred embodiment of the invention that operates without electrical power. New research attempts to obtain good indoor air quality while achieving thermal comfort in various climates for energy efficiency. Passive cooling techniques have been used mostly in countries with hot and arid climates such as Iran, Egypt, and India. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. Total independence from electrical requirements is obtained by using the invention's timed pulsed water valve which relies upon hydraulic pressure in the timing of the pulses. In this manner, the air to be cooled is pre-cooled by heat exchanger 17 without raising the moisture content of the air. The need for electric power is reduced significantly by using a surging valve such as those commercially available from Energy Saver Mfg. Operation of the towers depends on the density difference between the tower and outside air. As the orifice permits the tank to drain, the float valve reaches a point where the float valve opens the line which both charges the evaporative cooling pads and refills the tank with water. In Proceedings of the Building Simulation of Passive Down-Draught Evaporative Cooling (PDEC) Systems in EnergyPlus, Glasgow, Scotland, 2730 July 2009. Hybrid system including DEC coupled with of nocturnal radiative cooling, cooling coil. Geopolymer technology: The current state of the art. The flow of water from tank 50 through outlet orifice 55 is controlled via valve 56. Al Bakri et al. Air Cond. He, P.; Jia, D.; Lin, T.; Wang, M.; Zhou, Y. Gravity dampers 11 are mounted on inclined frames inside turret 10. Riangvilaikul, B.; Kumar, S. An experimental study of a novel dew point evaporative cooling system. 22. Passive down draught evaporative cooling (PDEC). This invention relates to evaporative cooling systems and more particularly to cool towers. Numerous studies have been conducted to reduce energy consumption during evaporative cooling [, Many researchers have investigated different types of evaporative coolers, such as direct, indirect, and modified coolers [, Direct evaporative cooling (DEC) systems rely on the direct channeling of water into the airflow. Dias, D.P. Theory and applications. 3) damper means for preventing said ambient air flow from exiting through said at least one wind opening, and. In one embodiment of the invention, the float and tank are placed under the pads and the line refilling the tank is eliminated. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132309000511. ; Thaumaturgo, C. Fracture toughness of geopolymeric concretes reinforced with basalt fibers. ; Panias, D. Utilization of alumina red mud for synthesis of inorganic polymeric materials. 8) at least one exhaust window for exhausting air from said second airflow path; c) a heat exchanger having a first surface and a second surface, said first surface communicating with said first airflow path, said second surface communicating with said second airflow path; d) a primary cooling system having means for evaporatively cooling the first surface of said heat exchanger using water from said water supply line and the first portion of said ambient air flow; e) a first cooling means for cooling the second portion of said ambient air flow through contact with the second surface of said heat exchanger; 1) evaporatively cooling said second portion of said ambient air flow in said second air flow path using water from said means for capturing excess water, and. Mineral Research and Tourist Hub, Badwater, CA. Costelloe, B.; Finn, D. Thermal effectiveness characteristics of low approach indirect evaporative cooling systems in buildings. Kulkarni, R.; Rajput, S. Performance evaluation of two stage indirect/direct evaporative cooler with alternative shapes and cooling media in direct stage. As indicated by arrow 31E, air from heat exchanger 37 flows over the evaporative cooling pads 18 and generates cooled air flow 31F. Heidarinejad, G.; Bozorgmehr, M.; Delfani, S.; Esmaeelian, J. 1a is a cutaway functional view of an embodiment of the invention that operates without electrical power. ; Ugwuishiwu, B.O. Am. Evaporative pads 47 utilize water from the oil/water separator 43. Turret 10 has insect screen on four sides and a rain tight roof. FIG. Heidarinejad, G.; Farmahini Farahani, M.; Delfani, S. Investigation of a hybrid system of nocturnal radiative cooling and direct evaporative cooling. Kamal, M.A. The effectiveness of the two stages is 108%111% while the effectiveness of IEC is 55%61%; 60% power saving. Air flows into the turret as described for FIG. Luyten, J.; Mullens, S.; Snijkers, F.; Buekenhoudt, A. ; Zarina, Y. Microstructure of different NaOH molarity of fly ash-based green polymeric cement. Drain slots 7 permit water to pass from one circumferntial fin to another in an organized manner. Available online: Sou Fujimoto designs nature-inspired towerfor Montpellier modern follies project. Cooling requirements should be determined, and their advantages and disadvantages should be carefully considered before making a decision. Different types of evaporative coolers, such as direct, indirect, and modified coolers could be employed considering their limitations and climate condition. The chimney effect, in reverse, causes the cool air to flow by gravity down the tower. FIG. Sharifi, A.; Yamagata, Y. Fabrication of Structural Leucite GlassCeramics from Potassium-Based Geopolymer Precursors. A method of cooling an air flow of ambient air comprising the steps of: a) admitting said air flow of ambient air into a top portion of a tower; b) preventing said ambient air flow from exiting through said top portion of a tower; b) evaporatively cooling a first surface of a heat exchanger using water from a water supply and a first portion of said ambient air flow; c) cooling a second portion of said ambient air flow through contact with a second surface of said heat exchanger; d) evaporatively cooling said second portion of said embient air flow; and. The development of commercial wind towers for natural ventilation: A review. Available online. ; Riffat, S.B. Another DEC design adopts porous ceramics that use their capillary property as evaporators to extract water without using a pump [. Washburn, E.W. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In traditional evaporative coolers, a group of developments have arisen which attempt to widen the range of evaporative coolers into more humid environs. Porous mullite ceramics from national clay produced by gelcasting. In another embodiment careful design is required to assure that the temperature drop through heat exchanger 36 is sufficient to operate as an auxiliary cool tower. Jain, D. Modeling of solar passive techniques for roof cooling in arid regions. The mechanism according to claim 9 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. ; Newell, T.A. You are accessing a machine-readable page. In this paper, we discuss various studies on geopolymers, which can be used in evaporative cooling technologies. ; Palomo, A.; Deventer, J.S.J. However, DEC systems also have limitations, including the growth of Legionella bacteria in water droplets in the airflow supply [, Indirect evaporative cooling derives its effect from the cooling influence of water evaporation, not directly via airflow but through a non-porous wall. Provis, J.L. Available online: Verdolotti, L.; Iannace, S.; Lavorgna, M.; Lamanna, R. Geopolymerization reaction to consolidate incoherent pozzolanic soil. The finned heat exchanger heat pipes 32 pass through a partition 35, dividing the exchanger into a wet section 36 and a dry section 37. Rattanasak, U.; Pankhet, K.; Chindaprasirt, P. Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer. ; Calautit, J.K.; Ghani, S.A. He, J. In an ideal setting, air will maintain an adiabatic trajectory within a psychometric diagram. Modeling and optimal design of evaporative cooling system in controlled environment greenhouse. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. passive evaporative cooling; geopolymers; waste materials; design, Evaporative Cooling Applications, HVAC Applications, Advanced Energy Saving Through the Use of Evaporative Cooling and Energy Recovery in Hybrid HVAC Systems. The mechanism according to claim 15 wherein said primary cooling system includes evaporative pads in contact with said heat exchanger. Experimental investigation of two-stage indirect/direct evaporative cooling system in various climatic conditions. 578581. 1A, 3, and 4. Evaporative cooling pads located around the upper tower perimeter fill the tower with cool air at a higher density than ambient air. Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K.; Hotta, Y. [, Environmental protection is a top global concern that requires the reduction of energy consumption. Water through valve 56 is discharged as waste 19. Chilled water coil conjunction with a DEC pad. Robinson, D.; Lomas, K.J. Velasco Gmez, E.; Rey Martnez, F.J.; Varela Diez, F.; Molina Leyva, M.J.; Herrero Martn, R. Description and experimental results of a semi-indirect ceramic evaporative cooler. Effects of RHA on autogenous shrinkage of Portland cement pastes. Examples of geopolymer frameworks. 309316. Soc. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. In one embodiment of the invention, the ambient air flow and hydraulic pressure are all that is required for the embodiment to operate and all reliance upon electrical energy is eliminated. The float valve controls water flow to the pad distribution system and to the tank containing the float. Warmed oil is caught in pans 46B from packed tower 44 and is re-circulated to packed tower 45 to repeat the cycle. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Review of passive solar heating and cooling technologies. ; van Deventer, J.S.J. Designing water resistant lightweight geopolymers produced from waste materials. ; Wei, H.; Meng, G.-Y. The dynamics of capillary flow. 2) exhausting said second portion of said ambient air flow through said at least one exhaust window. Owner name: An Overview of Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: Design, Concepts and Architectural Interventions. 23. 3. What kind of the cooling materials are available? Water and oil are pumped over packing in the heat rejecting section 45. FIG. 6) at least one exhaust window for exhausting air from said first airflow path. Tippayasam, C.; Boonsalee, S.; Sajjavanich, S.; Ponzoni, C.; Kamseu, E.; Chaysuwan, D. Geopolymer development by powders of metakaolin and wastes in Thailand. 4 also employs the split tower concept, with the oil-water system of U.S. Pat. The following checklist facilitates the selection of an appropriate design [. Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Van Jaarsveld, J.G.S. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. In a biomic architecture project of the Mineral Research and Tourist Hub in Badwater, Death Valley, California, abundant sunlight, salty water bodies, and vast salt plateaus are used as the key variables to produce green energy electricity via solar molten salt technology. In this example packed towers are used, which could be packed with Raschig rings, Pall Rings, or a suitable cooling tower fill, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. ; Martinez, F.R. The results demonstrate the overall effectiveness of hybrid system is more than 100%. A numerical simulation method for analyzing the thermal improvement effect of super-hydrophilic photocatalyst-coated building surfaces with water film on the urban/built environment. The implementation of evaporative cooling is expected to result in tremendous energy savings [, Selecting a suitable cooling design is a complex process. Available online: Yoneda, Y. kvra, F.; Kopeck, L.; Nemecek, J.; Bittnar, Z. Microstructure of geopolymer materials based on fly ash. For example, to enhance removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, FA will require a certain number of chemical modifications [, Several recent studies have involved the use of MK in synergy with industrial waste materials, such as red mud, rice husk ash (RHA), and FA in geopolymerization [, Another potential waste material that can be used as a raw material is rice husk, which represents the bulk of agricultural residues and is a byproduct of the milling process. The effect of microwave incinerated rice husk ash on the compressive and bond strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Tangchirapat, W.; Buranasing, R.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; Chindaprasirt, P. Influence of rice huskbark ash on mechanical properties of concrete containing high amount of recycled aggregates. The cooling tower according to claim 5 wherein said at least two pipes further include heat exchange fins on the interior thereof. ; Gomez, E.V. The heat exchanger tubes permit one surface (the exterior in this case) to be cooled through evaporation and let the primary air (that which is used to cool the building) to be cooled by a second surface (the interior and fins 8 in this example) without raising the moisture content of the primary air stream. The mechanism according to claim 16 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. ; Lorenzen, L. The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilise toxic metals: Part I. Guo, X.; Zhao, T. A parametric study of an indirect evaporative air cooler. Several materials have been analyzed for this system and used for practical applications, such as textile and building materials for cooling buildings. A tower, or vertical shaft, equipped with a two stage evaporative cooler near the top. This type of This patent is incorporated hereinto by reference. Corrosion performance of rice husk ash blended concrete. Xie, J.; Yin, J.; Chen, J.; Xu, J. Feature Beginning the description with the valve closed and the float 51A at its highest position as controlled by water level 58A in tank 50, valve 56 is adjusted for the water to drain slowly from tank 50. 1a. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Wood fibers have also been successfully used to reinforce geopolymer composites with concomitant enhancement in both mechanical and fractural properties [, FA geopolymers do not require high-temperature processing methods. 15. One stream 31C flows over the wetted finned heat pipes 36 and which are reduced in temperature by evaporative cooling while heat is removed from the dry cooling section. Novel ideas for passive cooling design using ancient and nature-inspired concepts are also presented to promote green technology for future applications. evolo-Architecture Magazine 2010. FIG. Toya, T.; Tamura, Y.; Kameshima, Y.; Okada, K. Preparation and properties of CaO-MgO-Al. The invention, together with various embodiments thereof will be more fully described by the following drawings and their accompanying descriptions. Oil from the separator is pumped to the water free packed tower 44 which removes sensible heat from the primary air stream. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Flow control 13 modulates the water so that heat exchangers 17 stay moistened and therefore are cooled by evaporative cooling. These towers are used for cooling residences, wind sheltered outdoor areas, and even bus stops, and are found in the southwestern United States and Saudi Arabia. This invention consists of a tower, or vertical shaft, equipped with a two stage evaporative cooler near the top. Note that the rate of flow through adjustable valve 54 into tank 50 controls the length of time water flows over the pads. The mechanism according to claim 8 wherein said primary cooling system includes evaporative pads in contact with said heat exchanger. This cooling strategy will continue at night by using the thermal mass in the chimney, and the upper accommodation area will be evaporatively cooled directly by the air that crosses the ventilation as the skins open [, In another design created by Orlando de Urrutia (Eco-Cybernetic City), a 150-floor building can harness all types of natural sources, including water, wind, and solar energy. 1, with a reduction in temperatures as air flows through the dry section of the heat exchanger 37 and final cooling in the evaporative cooler. 9. The mechanism according to claim 16 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. The method of cooling an air flow according to claim 22 further comprising the steps of: a) trapping excess water from said first surface of said heat exchanger; and. 2. Freshwater is supplied to the internal courtyard for passive cooling of the redirected air. The cooler air falls through the tower at a rate which depends on the magnitude of the density difference, the height of the tower, the resistance to air flow provided by the tower and the associated structure, and wind forces on the tower-structure envelope. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. This approach involves the use of both passive and hybrid cooling techniques to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort. ; Vanka, P.S. However, this process requires higher fan power than that for indirect and direct evaporative coolers because of air splitting. He, J.; Hoyano, A. The authors would like to thank the DIP-2015-028 and GGPM-2012-027 Research Funds for providing financial support for this study. The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of green concrete. 1) at least one wind opening for admission of an ambient air flow caused by naturally occurring wind or downdraft, 2) at least one exhaust window at the bottom, and. ; Wong, R. Rate of pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin in high-performance cement pastes. 12. One of the vital attributes of geopolymer technology is its robust and versatile manufacturing process. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Liu, Y.-F.; Liu, X.-Q. 17. At the base of packing 45, the water-oil mixture is collected by pans 46A and separated in chamber 43. 324: Post Occupancy Evaluation of non-domestic buildings using owndraught cooling: Case studies in the US. ; Plasencia, M.A.-G. Simulation model of an indirect evaporative cooler. Synthesis and mechanical properties of new fibre-reinforced composites of inorganic polymers with natural wool fibres. For ; Kriven, W.M. The air moves from the lower ground to the upper floor because of the negative pressure created from the thermal chimney. Alzeer, M.; MacKenzie, K.D. Geopolymerization forms aluminosilicate frameworks, which are similar to rock-forming minerals [. The rate at which the water drains and the volume of the tank largely controls the cycle duration of the assembly. The rate of flow through the variable orifice 55 and valve 56 controls the time the water flow is turned off. The cooling tower according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. Nazari, A.; Riahi, S.; Bagheri, A. 4) gravity damper means for preventing said ambient air flow from exiting through said at least one wind opening; 5) means for directing a first portion of an ambient air flow through said first airflow path. The pipes are wetted by flow control 13 which is any of the common valves or surging valves known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Available online: Eco-Cybernetic CityEnvironmentally-Conscious Structure. Analysis on the passive evaporative cooling wall constructed of porous ceramic pipes with water sucking ability. Those of ordinary skill in the art readily recognize various devices that work in this capacity. heat pipes, Arrangements for coupling heat-pipes together or with other structures, e.g. The cooled oil-like material is used to pre-cool, without humidifying, air before a second evaporative cooling step. Kang, D.; Strand, R.K. Building Simulation. These byproducts are harmful to the environment, readily available nearly everywhere, and highly resistant to natural degradation [, Another potential waste material is bagasse ash, which is a byproduct of sugar refineries. During evaporation, water needs the latent heat of vaporization, which is obtained from ambient air and decreased air temperature [, Evaporative cooling systems require less energy input than mechanical vapor compression systems because they obtain such input from ambient air. This approach enables maximizing the use of natural energy to create comfortable surroundings within a built envelope. No. Such demand will raise energy-related CO, The use of HVAC systems requires calibration with regard to passive cooling strategies because of the high energy consumption of such systems. An energy efficient cooling mechanism comprising: 3) at least one wind opening for admission of an ambient air flow caused by naturally occurring wind or downdraft to said first airflow path. 7. This review paper highlights the opportunities to use green materials, such as geopolymers, as evaporative cooling materials with different types of industrial and agricultural waste products as components. Dimas, D.D. Nehdi, M. Ternary and quaternary cements for sustainable development. ; Cook, M.J.; Eppel, H. Passive down-draught evaporative cooling: Thermal modelling of an office building. Both critical timing considerations are controlled. Kumar, A.; Kumar, S. Development of paving blocks from synergistic use of red mud and fly ash using geopolymerization. To maximize the perceived benefits of FA, technologies should be developed to devise means to maximize its use. Liberty, J.T. prior to publication. Mustafa Al Bakri, A.M.; Kamarudin, H.; Bnhussain, M.; Khairul Nizar, I.; Rafiza, A.R. Zhan, C.; Duan, Z.; Zhao, X.; Smith, S.; Jin, H.; Riffat, S. Comparative study of the performance of the M-cycle counter-flow and cross-flow heat exchangers for indirect evaporative coolingpaving the path toward sustainable cooling of buildings. In. All require a first stage heat exchanger which cools outside air without humidification. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, 1996-2022 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. In one embodiment of the invention, the ambient air flow is all that is required for the embodiment to operate and all reliance upon electrical energy is eliminated. 3 is a cutaway functional view of another embodiment of the invention. The mechanism according to claim 16 wherein said heat exchanger includes heat pipes. Utilizing air flow 41A, heat is transferred from the oil to the water, which evaporates into the waste air stream 48C. ; Tiwari, G.N. ; Van Deventer, J.S.J. Dealing with hot and arid climates has enabled researchers to utilize multiple design approaches and strategies. 4. 8. The surges are timed so that the pads never dry completely and enough water is allowed to run to waste so that scaling or mineral deposition does not take place. 20. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Geopolymer/vermiculite composite. Shukla, A.; Tiwari, G.N. When incinerated, bagasse ash and RHA both produce approximately 80% amorphous silica, thereby making them suitable for pozzolan [, Investigations on natural fibers such as bamboo, sisal, jute, and cellulose have shown desirable effects on the mechanical and physical properties of brittle organic and inorganic matrices. In the absence of wind, gravity dampers 11 are open; the presence of wind causes the winward dampers to open and the leeward dampers to close, directing air into the heat exchanger tubes 17, as indicated by arrows 12B. This type of valve eliminates the need for a re-circulating pump since it "gushes" or pulses the required amount of water over the evaporative pads. A number of two stage evaporative cooling systems have been developed and are described in depth by Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 2nd Ed, Chapmann & Hall, New York, incorporated herein by reference. Theoretically, the dew point temperature of the inlet process air can be achieved using a modified evaporative cooler. 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ; Lukey, G.C. Eng. and known as an "Aqua Saver". Fabrication and properties of mullite ceramics with needle-like crystals. 5 is a cutaway view of a valve which utilizes hydraulic pressure from the water source as its timing device. Using DEC in conjunction with a chilled coil results to 35% energy saving comparing the chilled coil for a LEED rated building, this corresponds to four credits for energy conservation. Chen, W.; Liu, S.; Lin, J. Application filed by Planetary Design Corp, Assigned to PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, A CORP. OF AZ, PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, A CORP. 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is two stage evaporative cooling passivedr jart cicapair breakout

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