role of tourism in sustainable development

One of the main perceived gains regarding the environment was the process of raising awareness regarding the conservation of natural resources. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and within high-income countries. Ecotourism is a form of tourism that aims to minimize local environmental impacts while bringing benefits to protected areas and the people living around those lands (Honey, 2008). Such studies include analyses of the impacts of terrorist attacks on three European countries, Greece, Italy, and Austria (Enders et al., 1992); the impact of the 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States (Goodrich, 2002); terrorism and tourism in Nepal (Bhattarai et al., 2005); vulnerability of tourism livelihoods in Bali (Baker & Coulter, 2007); the impact of terrorism on tourist preferences for destinations in the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands (Arana & Len, 2008); the 2011 massacres in Olso and Utya, Norway (Wolff & Larsen, 2014); terrorism and political violence in Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019); and the impact of terrorism on European tourism (Corbet et al., 2019), among others. As noted by Buckley (2012), tourism researchers turned their attention to social and environmental issues around the same time (Cohen, 1978; Farrell & McLellan, 1987; Turner & Ash, 1975; Young, 1973). In the context of the Caribbean region, slow tourism has been promoted as more culturally sensitive and authentic, as compared to the dominant mass tourism development model that is based on all-inclusive beach resorts dependent on foreign investment (Conway & Timms, 2010). Most studies conclude that tourism may have positive impacts for regional development and environmental conservation, but there is evidence that tourism inherently generates negative environmental impacts, primarily through pollutions stemming from transportation. The panel of Caribbean countries includes: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. The research has generally concluded that tourism development has contributed to sustainable development in some cases where it is demonstrated to have provided support for biodiversity conservation initiatives and livelihood development strategies. . In a study of the attitudes and perceptions of citizens of Greece, Stylidis and Terzidou (2014) found that economic crisis is associated with increased support for tourism development, particularly out of self-interest. Mass tourism has been associated with numerous negative environmental impacts and social impacts (Cater, 1993; Conway & Timms, 2010; Fennell, 2020; Ghimire, 2013; Gursoy et al., 2010; Liu, 2003; Peeters, 2012; Wheeller, 2007). Tourism is a rapidly growing sector in Cuba, and it is projected to grow at rates that exceed the average projected growth rates for the Caribbean and the world overall (Salinas et al., 2018). The rising global demand for tourism is outstripping efforts at decarbonization of tourism operations, and as a result is accelerating global carbon emissions. The economic benefits and costs of tourism are frequently distributed unevenly. Some literature has acknowledged a vagueness of the concept of sustainable tourism, which has been used to advocate for fundamentally different strategies for tourism development that may exacerbate existing conflicts between conservation and development paradigms (Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Hunter, 1995; Liu, 2003; McKercher, 1993b). Tourism is extremely sensitive to oil spills, whatever their origin, and the volume of oil released need not be large to generate significant economic losses (Cirer-Costa, 2015). Fresh water is also needed to maintain hotel gardens and golf courses, and water use is embedded in tourism infrastructure development (e.g., accommodations, laundry, dining) and in food and fuel production. The impacts of tourism involve benefits and costs to all groups, and some of these impacts cannot easily be measured. Thus, policy makers should be cognizant of the interdependent relationship between tourism and economic growth in the design and implementation of economic policy. Sharpley (2000) suggests that in the tourism literature, there has been a consistent and fundamental failure to build a theoretical link between sustainable tourism and its parental paradigm, sustainable development (p. 2). Reviews of tourism research have highlighted future research priorities for sustainable development, including the role of tourism in the designation and expansion of protected areas; improvement in environmental accounting techniques that quantify environmental impacts; and the effects of individual perceptions of responsibility in addressing climate change (Buckley, 2012). The clearing and conversion of land is central for tourism development, and in many cases, the land used for tourism includes roads, airports, railways, accommodations, trails, pedestrian walks, shopping areas, parking areas, campgrounds, vacation homes, golf courses, marinas, ski resorts, and indirect land use for food production, disposal of solid wastes, and the treatment of wastewater (Gssling & Peeters, 2015). Cater (1993) identified three key criteria for sustainable tourism: (a) meeting the needs of the host population in terms of improved living standards both in the short and long terms; (b) satisfying the demands of a growing number of tourists; and (c) safeguarding the natural environment in order to achieve both of the preceding aims. The report characterized sustainable development in terms of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987, p. 43). Tourism is a global phenomenon that involves travel, recreation, the consumption of food, overnight accommodations, entertainment, sightseeing, and other activities that simultaneously intersect the lives of local residents, businesses, and communities. Caffyn (2012, p. 80) suggests that slow tourism could offer a winwin, which she describes as a more sustainable form of tourism; keeping more of the economic benefits within the local community and destination; and delivering a more meaningful and satisfying experience. Research on slow tourism is nascent, and thus the contribution of slow tourism to sustainable development is not well understood. This was the same year that the famous Blue Marble photograph of Earth was taken by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft (Hhler, 2015, p. 10), and the image captured the planet cloaked in the darkness of space and became a symbol of Earths fragility and vulnerability. McKercher (1993b) notes that tourism resources are typically part of the public domain or are intrinsically linked to the social fabric of the host community. First, tourism represents an opportunity for economic diversification, particularly in marginal areas with few other export options. This equates to approximately 1,800 grams (g) of food consumed per tourist per day. Nevertheless, the subject of sustainable tourism has been given considerable attention and has been the focus of numerous academic compilations and textbooks (Coccossis & Nijkamp, 1995; Hall & Lew, 1998; Stabler, 1997; Swarbrooke, 1999), and it calls for new approaches to sustainable tourism development (Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Garrod & Fyall, 1998; Hunter, 1995; Sharpley, 2000). Further, he argues that it has no distinctive method and is not only about people living in poverty. Tourism is a critical industry in many local and national economies, and it represents a large and growing share of world trade (Hunter, 1995). Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Environmental Science. Butler (1980) developed a tourist-area cycle of evolution that depicts the number of tourists rising sharply over time through periods of exploration, involvement, and development, before eventual consolidation and stagnation. Global food use for tourism is estimated to be approximately 39.4 megatonnes1 (Mt), about 38% than the amount of food consumed at home. Many developing countries are in regions that are characterized by high levels of biological diversity, natural resources, and cultural heritage sites that attract international tourists whose local purchases generate income and support employment and economic development. Total global land use for tourism is estimated to be nearly 62,000 km2, or 11.7 m2 per tourist; more than half of this estimate is represented by land use for traffic infrastructure. The perceived nature of negative effects is complex and often conveys a dislike of crowding, traffic congestion, and higher prices for basic needs (Deery et al., 2012). Assessments of the sustainability of tourism have highlighted several themes, including (a) parks, biodiversity, and conservation; (b) pollution and climate change; (c) prosperity, economic growth, and poverty alleviation; d) peace, security, and safety; and (e) population stabilization and reduction (Buckley, 2012). As such, the objectives of these models of tourism development tend to focus on minimizing environmental impacts, supporting biodiversity conservation, empowering local communities, alleviating poverty, and engendering pleasant relationships between tourists and residents. In addition to achieving balance between economic growth and the conservation of natural resources, there should be a balance of fairness and opportunity between the nations of the world. Pro-poor tourism is a model of tourism development that brings net benefits to people living in poverty (Ashley et al., 2001; Harrison, 2008). Tourism is dependent on energy, and virtually all energy use in the tourism sector is derived from fossil fuels, which contribute to global greenhouse emissions that are associated with global climate change. Given the growth of international tourism and its emergence as one of the worlds largest export sectors, the question of its impact on economic growth for the host countries has been a topic of great interest in the tourism literature. Both sets of tourists demonstrated a preference for improved infrastructure, more information, and lower entrance fees. Food production has significant implications for sustainable development, given the growing global demand for food. It is also the foundation of the leading global framework for international cooperationthe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (United Nations, 2015). Community-based tourism (CBT) is a model of tourism development that emphasizes the development of local communities and allows for local residents to have substantial control over its development and management, and a major proportion of the benefits remain within the community. The implications include land conversion, losses to biodiversity, changes in nutrient cycling, and contributions to greenhouse emissions that are associated with global climate change (Vitousek et al., 1997). Although tourism has been promoted as a low-impact, non-extractive option for economic development, (Gssling, 2000), assessments reveal that such pursuits have a significant carbon footprint, as tourism is significantly more carbon intensive than other potential areas of economic development (Lenzen et al., 2018). At the local level, pro-poor tourism can play a very significant role in livelihood security and poverty reduction (Ashley & Roe, 2002). The social impacts of tourism have been widely studied, with an emphasis on residents perceptions in the host community (Sharpley, 2014). Hunter (1995, p. 156) proposes an alternative, extra-parochial paradigm where sustainable tourism development is reconceptualized in terms of its contribution to overall sustainable development. Tourists consume water for drinking, when showering and using the toilet, when participating in activities such as winter ski tourism (i.e., snowmaking), and when using swimming pools and spas. Future research on the role of tourism in sustainable development should focus on reducing the negative impacts of tourism development, both regionally and globally. In a study of the viability of the CBT model to support socioeconomic development and poverty alleviation in Nicaragua, tourism was perceived by participants in the study to have an impact on employment creation in their communities (Zapata et al., 2011). Like most other economic sectors, tourism is vulnerable to the impacts of earthquakes, particularly in areas where tourism infrastructure may not be resilient to such shocks. The authors estimated elasticities associated with the own-price, cross-price, and income variables, and found that the elasticities of demand were significantly different between three different national park sites. The burning of fossil fuels for transportation generates emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change, which is fundamentally unsustainable. Other studies revealed similar narratives and recorded statements of exclusion and socioeconomic stratification (Sanchez & Adams, 2008). Tourism enables communities that are poor in material wealth, but rich in history and cultural heritage, to leverage their unique assets for economic development (Honey & Gilpin, 2009). Early definitions of sustainable tourism development seemed to fall in one of two categories (Sharpley, 2000). When tourism growth exceeds the carrying capacity of the area, resource degradation can lead to the decline of tourism unless specific steps are taken to promote rejuvenation (Butler, 1980, 1991). Harrison (2008) argues that pro-poor tourism is not a distinctive approach to tourism as a development tool and that it may be easier to discuss what pro-poor tourism is not than what it is. Local residents often must navigate the gaps in the racialized, gendered, and sexualized structures imposed by the global tourism industry and host-country governments (Cabezas, 2004). The presence of bidirectional causality reiterates the importance of the tourism sector in the generation of foreign exchange income and in financing the production of goods and services within these countries. The basic precepts of ecotourism had been discussed long before the actual use of the term. (2007) indicate, the focus on poor people in the South reflects a strong anthropocentric view . Qiu et al. assessing environmental, social, and economic impacts as a prerequisite to tourism development (Spenceley, 2012). . Sustainable tourism development is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that we can fulfill economic, social and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. In some communities, ecotourism is the primary economic activity and source of income and economic development. Numerous case studies have demonstrated the potential for ecotourism to contribute to sustainable development by providing support for biodiversity conservation, local livelihoods, and regional development. Conway and Timms (2010) focus on the destination, advocating for slow tourism in terms of a promotional identity for an industry in need of rebranding. As an economic sector, tourism is considered to be labor intensive, providing opportunities for poor households to enhance their livelihood through the sale of goods and services to foreign tourists. The mixed nature of these results suggest that the relationship between tourism and economic growth depends largely on the social and economic context as well as the role of tourism in the economy. The findings suggest that tourism development and wildlife conservation can contribute to pro-poor development, but they may be sustainable only if humanwildlife conflicts are minimized or compensated. In some regions, little is known about the social and cultural impacts of tourism despite its dominance as an economic sector. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. First, sustainable development implies that harvest rates should be no greater than rates of regeneration; this concept is known as maximum sustainable yield. Tourism has been associated with the principles of sustainable development because of its potential to support environmental protection and livelihoods. There is a growing body of research on Indigenous and Aboriginal tourism that emphasizes justice issues such as human rights and self-empowerment, control, and participation of traditional owners in co-management of destinations (Jamal & Camargo, 2014; Ryan & Huyton, 2000; Whyte, 2010). Tourism and hospitality have direct and indirect links to nearly all aspects of food production, preparation, and consumption because of the quantities of food consumed in tourism contexts (Gssling et al., 2011). Second, the economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis emphasizes policies oriented toward well-defined and enforceable property rights, stable political institutions, and adequate investment in both physical and human capital to facilitate the development of the tourism sector. The findings indicate that an increase in tourism expenditures was associated with an increase in GDP, an improvement in the countrys balance of payments, and an increase in real consumption and national welfare. Tourism is vulnerable to economic crisis, both local economic shocks (Okumus & Karamustafa, 2005; Stylidis & Terzidou, 2014) and global economic crisis (Papatheodorou et al., 2010; Smeral, 2010). Little data exist regarding the volume of domestic mass tourism, but nevertheless mass tourism activities dominate the global tourism sector. 1. It is described as an international journal that publishes research on tourism and sustainable development, including economic, social, cultural and political aspects.. Regions with stronger economic characteristics prior to natural disasters were found to have lower disaster losses than regions with weaker economies. Regional economic strength has been found to be associated with lower vulnerability to natural disasters. A more complete analysis of the emissions from energy consumption necessary to sustain the tourism sector would include food and beverages, infrastructure construction and maintenance, retail, and financial services. Hunter (1995) suggests that practical measures designed to operationalize sustainable tourism fail to address many of the critical issues that are central to the concept of sustainable development generally and may even actually counteract the fundamental requirements of sustainable development. Recognizing its value as an alternative marketing strategy, Conway and Timms (2010) make the case for rebranding alternative tourism in the Caribbean as a means of revitalizing the sector for the changing demands of tourists in the 21st century. The global travel and tourism sector supports approximately 330 million jobs, or 1 in 10 jobs around the world. The role of tourism in sustainable development can be examined through an understanding of the economic, environmental, and social impacts of tourism. In 2019, the number of international tourists reached 1.5 billion, up 4% from 2018 (Fennell, 2020; United Nations World Tourism Organization [UNWTO], 2020). Sustainable tourism is dependent on critical long-term considerations of the impacts; notions of equity; an appreciation of the importance of linkages (i.e., economic, social, and environmental); and the facilitation of cooperation and collaboration between different stakeholders (Elliott & Neirotti, 2008). Finally, the sustainability of tourism has been shown to be vulnerable to the outbreak of infectious diseases, including the impact of the Ebola virus on tourism in sub-Saharan Africa (Maphanga & Henama, 2019; Novelli et al., 2018) and in the United States (Cahyanto et al., 2016). Tourism is the only export sector where the consumer travels to the exporting country, which provides opportunities for lower-income households to become exporters through the sale of goods and services to foreign tourists. However, the relationship between tourism and the environment is multifaceted, as some types of tourism have been associated with negative environmental impacts, many of which are borne by host communities. Ecotourism represents a small segment of nature-based tourism, which is understood as tourism based on the natural attractions of an area, such as scenic areas and wildlife (Gssling, 1999). Furthermore, tourism is not adaptive in that it is often unable to change in response to external conditions. meet the needs and wants of the local host community in terms of improved living standards and quality of life; satisfy the demands of tourists and the tourism industry, and continue to attract them in order to meet the first aim; and, safeguard the environmental resource base for tourism, encompassing natural, built and cultural components, in order to achieve both of the preceding aims. (Hunter, 1995, p. 156). Critics of the model have argued that pro-poor tourism is based on an acceptance of the status quo of existing capitalism, that it is morally indiscriminate and theoretically imprecise, and that its practitioners are academically and commercially marginal (Harrison, 2008). By focusing on a very simple and incontrovertibly moral idea, namely, the net benefits of tourism to impoverished people, the concept has broad appeal to donors and international aid agencies. Caffyn (2012, p. 77) discusses the implementation of slow tourism in terms of encouraging visitors to make slower choices when planning and enjoying their holidays. It is not clear whether slow tourism is a marketing strategy, a mindset, or a social movement, but the literature on slow tourism nearly always equates the term with sustainable tourism (Caffyn, 2012; Conway & Timms, 2010; Oh et al., 2016). Some research has emphasized how lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic can prepare global tourism for an economic transformation that is needed to mitigate the impacts of climate change (Brouder, 2020; Prideaux et al., 2020). Becken and Lennox (2012) studied the implications of a long-term increase in oil prices for tourism in New Zealand, and they estimate that a doubling of oil prices is associated with a 1.7% decrease in real gross national disposable income and a 9% reduction in the real value of tourism exports. More importantly, tourism offers an alternative to large-scale development projects such as construction of dams, and to extractive industries such as mining and forestry, all of which contribute to emissions of pollutants and threaten biodiversity and the cultural values of indigenous peoples. First, the tourism-centric paradigm of sustainable tourism development focuses on sustaining tourism as an economic activity (Hunter, 1995). The concept of sustainable tourism development emerged in contrast to mass tourism, which involves the participation of large numbers of people, often in structured or packaged tours. The direct, indirect, and induced economic impact of global travel accounted for 8.9 trillion U.S. dollars in contribution to the global gross domestic product (GDP), or 10.3% of global GDP. Four basic principles are fundamental to the concept of sustainability: (a) the idea of holistic planning and strategy making; (b) the importance of preserving essential ecological processes; (c) the need to protect both human heritage and biodiversity; and (d) the need to develop in such a way that productivity can be sustained over the long term for future generations (Bramwell & Lane, 1993).

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