duchess of malfi ferdinand monologue
duchess of malfi ferdinand monologue
Thou dost blanch mischief;Wouldst make it white. Once Bosola reports to him that the Duchess has given birth, Ferdinand has a conniption fit, where he imagines his sister to be a nightmarish amalgamation of every old-school fear about women's sexuality. Daniel de Bosola, Act 1, Scene 1. Websters The Duchess of Malfi is often regarded as the last great tragedy of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, second only to William Shakespeares. Duchess of Malfi: The Cardinal (Character Profile and Analysis) DUCHESS . Act I. Scene III. Webster, John. 1909-14. The Duchess of Malfi. The They marry secretly, despite the opposition of her two brothers, Ferdinand (the Duke of Calabria) and the Cardinal. With cassia? Ladies, Three Young Children, Two Pilgrims, Executioners, Court Officers, and Attendants. As ravens, screech-owls, bulls, and bears, We 'll bell, and bawl our parts, Till irksome noise have cloy'd your ears. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Hypocrisy is woven of a fine small thread, Subtler than Vulcan's engine: yet, believe 't, Your darkest actions, nay, your privat'st thoughts,. New York, NY, Accessibility Statement Terms Privacy |StageAgent 2020. Her brothers, Ferdinand and the Cardinal tell her not to remarry (she was recently widowed). SuperSummary | Literature Study Guides & Summaries The Duchess of Malfi is set in Italy, for the most part at the palace of the Duchess in Malfi during the sixteenth century. New York, NY, Ages 12-17: Camp Broadway Ensemble @ Carnegie Hall I bade thee, when I was distracted of my wits. For they whose faces do belie their hearts. Why didst thou not pity her? New York, NY, Ages 12-17: Camp Broadway Ensemble @ Carnegie Hall ANTONIO . Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. All rights reserved. The Duchess in The Duchess of Malfi | Shmoop Allow Necessary Cookies & Continue Autor de l'entrada Per ; Data de l'entrada calexico west port of entry hours; 12 month libor rate 2021 . The play starts off as a love story with the Duchess secretly marrying the steward of the household Antonio; a man beneath her class who she has fallen in love with. Duchess of Malfi QUOTES Flashcards | Quizlet Their undisclosed relationship and the delivery of offspring iname the Duchess's two brothers, the Cardinal and Duke Ferdinand who both wished her sister to remain unmarried in hopes of getting their hands on her inheritance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Duchess says to Ferdinand re. 1999-2023. Read all Director Dominic Dromgoole Writer John Webster There's the cause on't. To hear of greater grief would lessen mine. Photos are from a 1998 production at Lipscomb University in Nashville, TN directed by Dr. Larry Brown with Laura Brewer as the Duchess, Jason Miller as Bosola, Wes Driver as Ferdinand, Andrew Talbert as the Cardinal, Chris Hughes as Antonio, Rachel Holman as Julia, Duff Harris as Death. I would have their bodiesBurnt in a coal-pit, with the ventage stopped, That their curs'd smoke might not ascend to heaven;Or dip the sheets they lie in in pitch or sulphur, Wrap them in't, and then light them like a match;Or else to boil their bastard to a cullis,And give't his lecherous father to renew The sin of his back. I know death hath ten thousand several doors, For men to take their exits; and tis found. Unbroken by cruel treatment, she proclaims before her death, I am Duchess of Malfi still.. The Cardinal and Ferdinand gang up on their sister, the Duchess, exhorting her never to marry. This foul melancholy Will poison all his goodness, for, I'll tell you, If too immoderate sleep be truly said To be an inward rust unto the soul, It then doth follow want of action Breeds all black malcontents, and their close rearing, Like moths in cloth, do hurt for want of wearing. I ll tell thee a miracle: Th heaven oer my head seems made of molten brass. Glories, like glow-worms, afar off shine bright. Or, bold in a good cause, opposd thyself. Be not cunning,For they whose faces do belie their heartsAre witches ere they arrive at twenty years, Ay, and give the devil suck.Your darkest actions - nay, your privat'st thoughts Will come to light. The Duchess of Malfi, John Webster). or to be shot to death with pearls? The Duchess of Malfi: Themes & Summary | StudySmarter Buy Theatre Scripts and Rights The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. An infinite mass of treasure by her death: And that was the main cause,her marriage. A servant arrives to tell the duchess that Ferdinand means to have the madmen cure her melancholy, and they enter to speak several lines apiece. Ferdinand is gripped by fevered, voyeuristic visions of his sister having sex with working-class men characterised by their physical vigour and attractiveness: Happily with some strong-thighed bargeman;Or one othwoodyard that can quoit the sledgeOr toss the bar; or else some lovely squireThat carries coals up to her privy lodgings. [JULIA] the Cardinal's mistress. Doom her to not-being? The Duchess of Malfi (TV Movie 2014) - IMDb If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Duchess Of Malfi: whole script These pages are dedicated to one of the greatest achievements of English Renaissance drama, John WebstersThe Duchess of Malfi. - online lernen & verstehen mit StudySmarter And heaven in it seems to ope, that late was shut. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc. Community Associated Mrsa Resistant Bacteria, The Science Workshop, South Hall Middle School Parent Nights, Why I Chose This Area Of Interest And What Motivated Me, Marx And Durkheim 's Theory Of Social Inequality, Dewey 's Theories And Concepts Into School Curriculum, Light Is A Form Of Energy And Composed Of Different Wavelengths, Andrew Jackson, The Man On The Twenty Dollar Bill, Sociology Is The Study Of Social Behavior, Online Harassment Is A Bigger Problem Than We All Think, The Issue Of Genetically Modified Organisms, Overcoming Obstacles Of Life During The Harry Potter Star, The Wolves During Pre Columbian And Mesoamerican Times, What Have You Learned About The Act Of Reading And Interpreting A Text / Story, Questioning The Effectiveness Of The Revolution, How Hume 's Position Is On Human Understanding And How Knowledge Is Obtained, The Civil Rights Movement During The 20th Century, Western Civilization : An Absolute Monarchy And It 's Faults, Hispanic Immigration And The United States, The University Of Adventure : Passion Wise, Portrayals Of Mental Illnesses And Disorders, Illegal Immigration And The United States, Review Of Richard Schaefer 's ' Consuming Kids ', Schools And Classrooms Are Those With Special Needs, Corporate Cultures Are Made Up Of Many Individuals, The Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children, How Scheduled Maintenance Can Ultimately Save You Money, Explain The Makeup Of The Project Management Institute, Parent And Community Involvement : A Successful Learner, The Dangers Of Children On The Playground, Plastic Surgery And Its Effects On Society, The Role Of Religious Stereotype Of Adnan Syed, Situational Theory And Situational Approach, Prejudice And The Dark Abyss Of Prejudice By Harper Lee, The Land Of The Free, And The Home Of Our Brave, Violence Against Indians : A History Of The Indian Massacre, The Legacy Of Jazz And The Civil Rights Movement, The Strategies For Successful Motivation And Engagement, El Salvador : A Country On The Pacific Coast Of Central America, Alternative Medicine : Medicine And Medicine, Functions And Complex Anatomy Of The Cardiovascular System, Applying Normalized Tables And The Model Of The Entity Relationship Diagram Can Then Improve The Conceptual Model, The Revolution Of China During The 20th Century, Testing Is The Bane Of The United State 's Educational System, The Roaring Twenties And The Great Gatsby, Childhood Obesity Epidemic, By The Encyclopedia Of Science, Euthanasia Is The Painless Killing Of A Patient, Intercultural Communication : A Diverse Area Of America, Recycling E Waste And Its Effects On The United States, The Chinese Communist Revolution Was A Negative Impact On The Political And Economic Development Of China, Analysis Of The Character Maureen Johnson From The Musical Rent, The Philosophy Of Buddhism, By Dalai Lama, Indian Self Determination And Education Assistance Act Of 1975, Parents Should Not Be Blamed For Bullying, Sexism And Discrimination Among Men And Fellow Women, Financial Counseling : An Educative Counseling Process, Food Inc When The Food Industry Keeps Their Farmers Under Their Control, Feminist Criticism Of Susan Glaspell 's ' Trifles ', Analysis Of Imre Lakatos 's Concept Of Research Programme And The Protective Belt, `` What Is A Hero Without Love For Mankind `` By Doris Lessing, Life Goals And Personality Traits Of Younger People, Analysis Of The Book ' Alice 's Adventures ', Acceptance Of Gay Rights And Gender Roles, College Education Has Become A Minimum Requirement, Themes Of Power, Deceit, Racial Discrimination, Fate, And Gender Norms, The North And South Regions Of The United States, America 's Growing Coffee Since Colonial Times, Learning Skills At A School Or Life Skills, The Effects Of Intimate Partner Violence On Women, The Chernobyl Disaster And Its Effects On The United States, Sign Language Is A Complex System Of Communication, Slavery Was Essential For The Economy Of The United States, Dante 's Paradise Lost, And Homer 's Iliad, Humorous Humor Of Edgar Allan Poe 's ' The Dark Hearted ', Of madmen, lady, which your tyrant brother. I would have you lead your fortune by th Ages 12-17: Camp Broadway Ensemble @ Carnegie Hall. Act I : Scene III [Enter FERDINAND, DUCHESS, CARDINAL, and CARIOLA] 1. Well, good Antonio, I'll seek thee out, and all my care shall be To put thee into safety from the reachOf these most cruel biters that have got Some of thy blood already. For I am chaind to endure all your tyranny. The Duchess is a young widow, and Ferdinand wants to know who her suitors are because he does not want her to remarry. "The Duchess of Malfi" by John Webster Drama Analysis - StudyMoose By this point in the play there can be no doubt in our minds that Ferdinand is the plays principal villain, albeit a fascinating one. The Duchess of Malfi | Quotes. The Duchess, in the opening of his story, is a wanton widow a kinswoman, though by several removes, of the Wife of Bath who * fantasies in the night' and at great length 'upon the discourse of her appetites.' It is only on second thoughts that she * did set her mind on Antonio or fantasy to marry him.' You do tremble, Make not your heart so dead a piece of flesh, To fear, more than to love me. Bosola: "Some fellows, they say, are possessed with the devils, but this great fellow were able to possess the greatest devil and make him worse." (p.11) If thou hadst borne her to some sanctuary! The Tempest - RSC 2023 | Peter Viney's Blog We seem to sweat in ice and freeze in fire. Apply desperate physic: He doesn't want his widowed sister to remarry, in part because of his pride and his greed for her wealth, but also because he harbors his own incestuous desires for her. The most recent edition consulted was by Leah Marcus (Arden, 2009). The Duchess of Malfi - Wikipedia The Duchess of Malfi 2 All monologues are property and copyright of their owners. Websters style is reliant on dense symbolic imagery. duchess of malfi ferdinand monologue - htnewsindia.com In typical fashion for revenge tragedy, the final act is one of carnage. I am not prepard for t, I will not die; You kept her counsel; now you shall keep ours. Lit entirely by candlelight, the production . Antonio is worried about how the Cardinal and, next day and he decides to have Castruccio carry the horoscope in a letter to, it. What will you do with my lady?Call for help! The Duchess of Malfi: Five reasons to love this dark classic of - BBC There is also a desire to punish the father for his lechery by making him eat his child a form of retribution Webster would have known from Shakespeares early revenge tragedy Titus Andronicus, in which the protagonist avenges himself on his enemy Tamora by killing her two sons and baking them in a pie which he feeds to her at a dinner party. from Lazy Bee Scripts. Ferdinand is an immensely disturbed man who has been driven to insanity by his inability to control his sister, and his resultant inability to control his . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. John Webster, The Duchess of Malfi Act 1, Sc.2, ll.374-392. Let me see her face again.Why didst thou not pity her?What an excellent honest man mightst thou have been,If thou hadst borne her to some sanctuary.Or, bold in a good cause, opposd thyself,With thy advanced sword above thy head,Between her innocence and my revenge.I bade thee, when I was distracted of my wits,Go kill my dearest friend, and thou hast donet.For let me but examine the cause:What was the meanness of her match to me?Only I must confess I had hope,Had she continud widowed, to have gaindAn infinite mass of treasure by her death.And that was the main cause her marriage That drew a stream of gall quite through my heart.For thee, as we observe in tragediesThat a good actor many times is cursedFor playing a villains part, I hate thee fort,And, for my sake, say thou hast done much ill well. might have been Pope if he hadnt tried to bribe his way into the office. The largest bounty I can study to do thee. Cast Jeff Alexander - Doctor Aretha Ayeh - Julia Greg Barnett - Delio Graeme Brookes - Officer Will Brown - Roderigo Alexander Cobb - Ferdinand Ashley Gayle - Silvio Ribner 'The final act is designed to show the way of the Oregonian brothers is that of madness and damnation' Bliss That drew a stream of gall quite through my heart. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The Duchess of Malfi | Summary, Characters, & Analysis Delio and Antonio run down the characters of the Duke and the Cardinal, observing that the latter is a schemer who might have been pope except that he gave out too many bribes. A deal of life in show, but none in practice; And Fortune seems only to have her eye-sight. Nov 21, 2022, 2:52 PM UTC man sexually assaulted by woman gila window tint aphrodite adams wow sex movies google can you give me youtubers sing dance monkey best cronus zen apex legends script season 13 The Duchess of Malfia By John Webster - Smart English Notes They confess their love for each . -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria appears in, the previous scene with the entrance of Castruccio, Silvio, Roderigo, and Grisolan, four courtiers to. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The Duchess of Malfi ACT 2. She hides her maid Cariola behind a curtain to witness her wooing of Antonio. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Duchess of Malfi Character Analysis | Course Hero There is no evidence that Webster had read or seen the play that Spanish dramatist Lope de Vega had written about the duchess. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Webster was much possessed by death and saw the skull beneath the skin. T. S. Eliot. Where shalt thou find this judgment registerd. In the opening of Act 4, Scene 1, Ferdinand questions Bosola about how the Duchess is faring, and Bosola uses a simile to describe her mood. Ill tell thee a miracle,I am not mad yet, to my cause of sorrow.Thheaven oer my head seems made of molten brass,The earth of flaming sulphur, yet I am not mad;I am acquainted with sad miseryAs the tanned galley-slave is with his oar.Necessity makes me suffer constantly,And custom makes it easy. He then cuts his own deal with Bosola to spy for him. Webster and the Social Tragedy: The Duchess of Malfi Oh, my sister! . Your brother and yourself are worthy men! The Several Madmen. It is based on a story in Painter's "Palace of Pleasure," translated from the Italian novelist, Bandello; and it is entirely possible that it has a foundation in fact. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Winner of the 2003 Swan Award given byInternet Shakespeare Editions, Copyright 2018 Larry Avis Brown - All Rights Reserved. It might be a funny scene, movie quote, animation, meme or a mashup of multiple sources. We ll sing, like swans, to welcome death. Making the decision to study can be a big step, which is why youll want a trusted University. Research Playwrights, Librettists, Composers and Lyricists. This tyranny. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. LitCharts Teacher Editions. DUCHESS [OF MALFI]. You have bloodily approvd the ancient truth. Psychoanalysis literary criticism seeks to uncover and analyse how one's mental state can relate to any text they produce, this can be made possible as "the creation of literary fiction allows the writer to work his repressed desires out of his system" [ De Berg, 2003 ], thus, a . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. John Webster - The Duchess of Malfi ACT 1. SCENE 2. | Genius First performed by Shakespeare's. The Duchess Of Malfi - Monologue (Duchess - 2) - Mighty Actor The Harvard Classics. When I woke up to-day and got up and dre A reserved lover, it is said, always mak Ages 12-17: Camp Broadway Ensemble @ Carnegie Hall. Some trials have been madeIn this foolish practice, but the ingredients Were lenitive poisons, such as are of force To make the patient mad; and straight the witchSwears, by equivocation, they are in love. life) that very night. Start this free course now. Indeed, the Cardinal is as shocked by his brothers ravings as any member of the audience, and his alarmed responses confirm that Ferdinands attitude to the Duchess is obsessive and pathological: Speak lower (2.5.4); Why do you make yourself / So wild a tempest? (2.5.1617); You fly beyond your reason (2.5.46); Are you stark mad? (2.5.66). However, once shes alone, the Duchess reveals that she has no intention of listening to her brothers' advice. Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. So he imagines hewing the Duchess to pieces (2.5.31) and, in the following passage, rehearses with demented relish different ways of annihilating her and her family: I would have their bodiesBurnt in a coal pit with the ventage stopped,That their cursed smoke might not ascend to heaven;Or dip the sheets they lie in, in pitch or sulphur,Wrap them int and then light them like a match;Or else to boil their bastard to a cullisAnd givet his lecherous father to renewThe sin of his back. Love And Madness In The Duchess Of Malfi - 783 Words | Bartleby The Duchess of Malfi Literary Devices | LitCharts Dost thou perceive me sick? Believe my experience: that realm is never long in quiet wherethe ruler is a soldier. Oh that it were possible we mightBut hold some two days conference with the dead,From them I should learn somewhat I am sureI never shall know here. Brown, professor of theater, Nashville, Tennessee. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum. The Duchess of Malfi Summary - eNotes.com to learn more about this monologue from The Duchess of Malfi and unlock other amazing theatre resources! Thoust forfeited thy life, and thou shalt die for t. When shall we leave this sportive action. We are forced to woo because none dare woo us: Are forced to express our violent passions, In riddles and in dreams and leave the path. That's the greatest torture souls feel in hell:In hell that they must live, and cannot die. That long hath taen a sweet and golden dream: Wherefore I should be thus neglected. The Open University is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in relation to its secondary activity of credit broking. Ferdinand's Sexual Obsession in The Duchess of Malfi - GradesFixer The misery of us that are born great,. Yet she feels it is her right to woo a lower-status husband for love, and she does so with both passion and grace. The Duchess of Malfi, five-act tragedy by English dramatist John Webster, performed 1613/14 and published in 1623. And should I die this instant, I had livd. You live in a rank pasture here, i'th' court. The Duchess of Malfi - Luminarium You have left me heartless--mine is in your bosom. Gasping for breath. To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum. The Duchess Of Malfi - Monologue (Duchess - 2) A monologue from the play by John Webster Act - 4, Scene - 2 DUCHESS Oh that it were possible we might But hold some two days conference with the dead, From them I should learn somewhat I am sure I never shall know here. We must not n Why didst not thou pity her? It was first performed privately at the Blackfriars Theatre, then later to a larger audience at The Globe, in 1613-1614.. The Duchess and Ferdinand John Webster examined the social issues of his day through his drama that usually featured a strong female character at the centre of the play. This was my father's poniard, do you see? This is flesh, and blood, sir; Kneels at my husbands tomb. Join StageAgent today and unlock amazing theatre resources and opportunities. Gain full access to show guides, character breakdowns, auditions, monologues and more! In order to have a spy in place to report the Duchess's . Indeed, the German playwright Bertolt Brecht, when he adapted The Duchess of Malfi in 1946, appended a prologue in which Ferdinand confesses his incestuous passion for his sister. It was published in 1623 but was performed in 1613 at the Globe Public Theatre and Blackfriars playhouse. New York, NY, Accessibility Statement Terms Privacy |StageAgent 2020. As with Bosola and Antonio, Webster seems keen to endow Ferdinand with a degree of psychological complexity. Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. Eileen Atkins as the Duchess in the classic 1972 BBC production. Brown, professor of theater, Nashville, Tennessee These pages are dedicated to one of the greatest achievements of English Renaissance drama, John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi. The Plot | The Duchess of Malfi | Royal Shakespeare Company The Duchess of Malfi. Act One, Scene One. Although she bears three children, she refuses to name the father. Duke Ferdinand is the brother of the Cardinal and the twin brother of the Duchess. The premiere was on November 23, 1971, with the following cast members: I would not change my peace of conscience, For all the wealth of Europe.She stirs; here s life:, Return, fair soul, from darkness, and lead mine, Out of this sensible hell:she s warm, she breathes:. Join StageAgent today and unlock amazing theatre resources and opportunities. He s reconcild to your brothers; the Pope hath wrought, On turtles feathers, whilst a guilty conscience, All our good deeds and bad, a perspective, That shows us hell! (PDF) The Duchess of Malfi | Scheherazade Niknejad - Academia.edu What seems to drive Ferdinands collapse into hysteria in Act 2, Scene 5 is a ferocious sexual jealousy that seems bent not just on the destruction but the obliteration of the loved object. the Cardinal's mistress. 1. And, for my sake, say, thou hast done much ill well. If he laugh heartily, it is to laugh All honesty out of fashion. Fetch her: some other strangle the children. Duchess. This blanket hostility to a second marriage goes beyond anything voiced by the Cardinal, who is much more concerned about the prospect of an inappropriate union. CARD. Meanwhile, on the other side of the stage, to which she responds that he is wrapping poison in gold and sugar. Ferdinand from Duchess of Malfi (Simon's Drama and Theatre - YouTube This webtext does not attempt to make these fine distinctions; for a modern edition which does, see the Arden version edited by Leah Marcus (2009). Rotten, and rotting others; and your vengeance. Best gift is they can give or I can take. Tell my brothers. The Duchess of Malfi - Monologue (Ferdinand) - Mighty Actor Sign up today to unlock amazing theatre resources and opportunities. After dismissing Bosolas beliefs about potions. Psychoanalysis Theory in 'The Duchess of Malfi'. As ravens, screech-owls, bulls, and bears. Corrections? He tells Bosola not to worry about, The Cardinal then reenters the room, worrying to himself that, he has come to the Cardinal to try to collect payment for his service, since, the Cardinals palace, the Cardinal tells Pescara, Malateste, Roderigo, and Grisolan to leave the sick, son to fly the courts of princes, which either means that he should escape the, Cardinal that he slayed Antonio by mistake. It is probably fair to say that nowadays most critics of the play agree that what underlies Ferdinand's relationship with his sister is unconscious incestuous desire. Duchess of Malfi AO5. Did it surprise you, or do you think that Websters characterisation of the Duke of Calabria in Act 1 lays the foundations for his conduct here? Ferdinand in particular is creepily fixated on his sister not being defiled, Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus, Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines. Continue with Recommended Cookies, Home | The Duchess Of Malfi Monologue (Duchess 2), A monologue from the play by John Webster. What an excellent honest man mightst thou have been, The Duchess of Malfi (originally published as The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy) is a Jacobean revenge tragedy written by English dramatist John Webster in 1612-1613. Websters verse is very irregular and not always easy to recognize. Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. Manage Settings DUCHESS: Let them come in. by Larry A. It is these suggestions of an intensely sexualised attitude towards his sister that burst into the open in Act 2, Scene 5. But they don't trust their sister and hire a servant, Bosola, to spy on her. Some cordial drink!Alas! Yet even here, Webster injects a moral dimension, suggesting that the Duke of Calabrias furious desire for vengeance stems in part from guilt: I could kill her nowIn you, or in myself, for I do thinkIt is some sin in us heaven doth revengeBy her. Much of John Webster's "The Duchess of Malfi" centers around the subversions and perversions of Ferdinand, the Duchess' brother.
City Of Alameda Parking Enforcement,
Fayette County Ky High School District Map,
Holywood Arches Health Centre,
Virtual Food Tasting Kits,
Engine Locked Up While Driving,
Articles D
Posted by on Thursday, July 22nd, 2021 @ 5:42AM
Categories: 91 express lanes vs the toll roads