from the cape to cairo cartoon analysis
Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - - This political cartoon was drawn by Edward Linley Sambourne and was published in the 10 December 1892 edition of Punch magazine, appearing beside an article from The Times about a Rhodes plan to extend an electrical telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. 4). 730-735 (2008). This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Source:Library of Congress. 14 books12 followers. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). It Ought to be a Happy New Year. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a populations lack of preparation for self-governance. - Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. As early as mid 1899, for example, Life called attention to the staggering death count among Filipinos with a cartoon titled The Harvest in the Philippines. It is now estimated that, all told, between 12,000 and 20,000 Filipino military perished in this conflict, as opposed to 4,165 killed on the U.S. side. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. 377. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Cartoons endorsing imperialist expansion depicted a beneficent West as father, teacher, even Santa Clausbearing the gifts of progress to benefit poor, backward, and childlike nations destined to become profitable new markets. China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. Klein, Thoralf. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. From the C - ER9554 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. 1900. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? When a Chinese coolie strikes a French soldier the result is a public cry of Barbarity! But when a French soldier strikes a coolie, it's a necessary blow for civilization. Ren Georges Hermann-Paul,Le Cri de Paris, July 10, 1899. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. Photograph. The burgeoning mass media helped promote jingoistic foreign policies by printing disparaging depictions of barbarous-looking natives from countries benevolently assimilated by the U.S. A brash Uncle Sam was shown coming under the wing of the older, more experienced empire builder, John Bull. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our 4, pp. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. What were the effects of Belgian imperialism? such as microfilm or copy prints? As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. A Red-Letter Day. Wake / J. Ottmann Lith. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. 11 [-21]. Photograph. - The caption quotes one of the presidents speeches: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers. The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. (This coincided with the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in congressional votes in June and July of the same year.) The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Source:Library of Congress. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Who is present in this cartoonor perhaps a better question is, who is not present? Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. Office hours: By appointment only. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Long May It Wave. , 1902. War on Earth. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. Illus. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. site.). Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe., Der Europer giesst die Segnungen seiner Kultur ber den Erdball aus (The Europeans pour the blessings of its culture over the globe). Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. Explain the message of this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of the North American Review. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. Louis Dalrymples exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? Co., Puck Bldg. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? Egypt was the first among the Arab countries to establish an animation production. Daggett, Aaron Simon. 799820 (June 2000). Names Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956, artist In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. . Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Additionally, engaging in image analysis will continue to help you build this important analytical skill, and producing an image will help your visual presentation skills. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). (The exception would be Manchuria, alternating between Russian and Japanese control in the coming years.) Source:Library of Congress, Left: Kentucky feuds, New York City Government, Right: Labor riots, Anti-Chinese Riots, Violence in the Name of Peace and Civilization. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. 4, pp. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Study Resources. https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. title not id. Although Wilhelm II was famous for introducing the concept of a yellow peril, Germanys major colonial possessions were in Africa. So, if we do our duty aright in the Philippines, we will add to that national renown which is the highest and finest part of national life, will greatly benefit the people of the Philippine Islands, and, above all, we will play our part well in the great work of uplifting mankind. 301-314 (2010). Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. The regular army was dissolved after the war and the ironclad warships gradually fell into disrepair. Who, they asked, was the real barbarian? 1, July 6, 2015. Leur rve (Their dream). | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. Colonists--British--1900-1910. Expert Help. Keppler, U. J. Rus. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. In this mocking Life cartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. ), yesterday we took important commandos. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. II. [1] [2] The project was never completed. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". This ca. Cairo and Cape Town, the twin citadels of British power and presence in Africa. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. Education in the ways of the West completed the political and commercial occupation. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. Title from item. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. Translated from Russian. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. Almost exactly eight years subsequent to this cartoon's publication, former president Theodore Roosevelt emerged from a long safari in Africa and, invited to speak in Cairo, Egypt, lectured the British about proper colonial administration -- "or leave Egypt. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, Left:Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade, Progress, Force if Necessary, Cotton Dry Goods Education, Right:Boxer, 400 Million Barbarians, China, Civilization and barbarism meet as the headlight of Uncle Sams gun-mounted Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines the light of Progress on China. Published during the Boxer uprisings against Westerners and Christians, the cartoon portrays China as a frenzied dragon under the control of a Boxer gripping a bloody sword and banner reading 400 Million Barbarians. In the balance of power between technological progress and primitive barbarians, the cartoon makes clear who must back up.. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. record ("About This Item") with your request. The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape ( French: L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil, lit. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue of Puck. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. White man's burden--1900-1910, - But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. Orig. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. In the Rubber Coils. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. 1 (October 7, 2013). Powered by WordPress. Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of relieving grievous wrongs, in the words of President William McKinley. Life published many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, ppmsca 25696 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.25696. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. 83-108 (2006). Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. Its colonies were acquired through purchase, agreements with other world powers, and economic domination. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. Overview; View 4 Editions Details; Reviews Lists; Related Books; Publish Date. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,
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