characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture D. espite the countr. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. Extent, Distribution, and Causes of Soil Acidity under Subsistence [8], During the imperial period, the development of the agricultural sector was retarded by a number of factors, including tenancy and land reform problems, the government's neglect of the agricultural sector (agriculture received less than 2 percent of budget allocations even though the vast majority of the population depended on agriculture), low productivity, and lack of technological development. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Ethiopia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Brighter Green, 6. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Effects of liming and different land use types on phosphorus sorption [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Agriculture. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). Almost all farming tools in Ethiopia are traditional and made from different types of wood. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. U.S. Department of Commerce Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Productivity and technology. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. fINTENSIVE FARMING. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. The sector is dominated by small scale farmers that - Course Hero Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. Washington, DC 20230. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. 3. The UN Joint Programme focused on Rural Women's Economic Empowerment (UNJP-RWEE) was launched in Ethiopia in 2014 by UN Women, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD). Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. The GOE, as part of its Livestock Master Plan (LMP), intends to transform this sector and increase production and exports of meat in order to generate foreign exchange. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Elementor #1090 - [] PORTER GHILLIE To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. Major Rivers of Ethiopia | Ethiopia About Ethiopia - EthioVisit.com the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. ", Table D.2. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Ethiopian Highlands - Africa RISING This method was widely used in Ethiopia and southern Ethiopia because it is recommended for soils requiring more than one ton of lime per acre and soils with a pH of less than 5.8 [15]. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. What Are The Major Industries In Ethiopia? - WorldAtlas Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. <i>Methods</i>. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Agriculture | Free Full-Text | The Role of Smallholder Farming on Rural What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities Search term. >. PDF SMALL FAMILY FARMS COUNTRY FACTSHEET thiopia - Food and Agriculture The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Agricultural sample survey. Volume II, Report on livestock and "National Statistical Abstract. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Griddles, Ovens, and Agricultural Origins: An Ethnoarchaeological Study Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Factors affecting crop prodution in Ethiopia - Academia.edu PDF Ethiopian Agriculture: A Dynamic Geographic Perspective However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. In particular, demand for cooking oil, sugar, meat, eggs, dairy products, wheat-based products, such as pasta and bread, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, are forecast to climb upward. Jorge Morales Pedraza. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. Agricultural Research and Development in Ethiopia Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. PDF Characteristics of Agricultural Landscape Features and Local Soil [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. Production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture Penn State The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand.

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