alternative frameworks mental health

Article Appointments: Monday-Saturday . Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Psychology and the Mystery of the "Poisoned" Schoolgirls. The Framework sets out what a range of local organisations can do to implement No Health Without Mental Health, and improve mental health outcomes in their area. Turning Two Psychologists Into 17: The Long Road to Building Mental Health Treatment Capacity in Tanzania. Feigl, T. Gaziano, A. Hamandi, M. Mowafi, D. OFarrell 2011 The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases. In America the DSM was published to widespread controversy as it was believed that 67 of the DSM-5 taskforce had direct links to the Pharmaceutical Industry and substantial profits were being pocketed. RDoC is not meant to serve as a diagnostic guide, nor is it intended to replace current diagnostic systems. Disorder (DSM-1V). Saxena, Shekhar, Graham Thornicroft, Martin Knapp, and Harvey Whiteford (2007) Resources for Mental Health: Scarcity, Inequity, and Inefficiency. This allows them to have access to medication, housing, counseling and money. Explain two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP), The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A New Model That Addresses Limitations of Traditional Taxonomies, The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A Dimensional Alternative to Traditional Nosologies (Journal of Abnormal Psychology), Integrating psychotherapy with the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Hill, Clara E., Sarah Knox, Barbara J. Thompson, Elizabeth Nutt Williams, Shirley A. Hess, and Nicholas Ladany 2005 Consensual Qualitative Research: An Update. The amount of the global economic burden of NCDs accounted for by mental health in 2011. ISRN Nursing 2011:534803. New York: St. Martins Press. World Bank 2015 Tanzania Overview. Check web for hours, services, providers, and appointment information Psychology International. Thousands of people around the world have recovered from mental health disorders and now enjoy the simple pleasures of a drug-free life. Page 1 of 50 - About 500 Essays. You can also get information from our support groups and free newsletter. You can browse our collection of term papers or use our search engine . Multiple inquiries into mental health over decades show this system is not working. They can also motivate others to perform, create, and innovate. Mental health issues are extremely and widely misunderstood. The most common treatments psychiatry has offered in the past fifty years have indicated use of prescription psychoactive drug and electroshock therapy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-018-9565-z, http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2014/10/mental-health-tanzania.aspx, http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview, http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/profiles-2014/tza.pdf?ua=1. However, the label mentally ill tend to carry a negative connotation due to the misrepresentation regrading this community. {all needs re-edited} Mental health is a controversial topic in many countries, especially the treatment of patients. Yet, with the existing knowledge, mental providers and professionals, and the DSM-5, mental illness remains a growing mystery to the public. The chemical balance and processes of an individuals brain. This unit will give you knowledge of the main forms of mental ill health according to the psychiatric classification system. Your first alternative option is to run a simple, 2 hour workshop. Providers reported their clients routinely sought treatment from traditional and spiritual healers prior to seeking care in the formal health system. This page contains an extensive list of 80 actions complete with many links and scientific references that a person can do at no cost to improve mental health. Abstract. You will learn about the ways that mental ill health can affect the lives of individuals By assessing along these six spectra, clinicians can ostensibly obtain a richer and more clinically useful understanding of clients. For those who prefer to read a transcript of the podcast, click here. Mental distress, therefore, is reframed as a response to social adversity (e.g., oppression, discrimination, poverty). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-018-9565-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-018-9565-z. How Psychologically Conditioned Rats Are Defusing Landmines, ICD-11's Mental, Behavioral, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Overview of ICD-11 Revision of Mental Disorders, The Most Frequently Used ICD-10 Codes in Behavioral Health in 2017, The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A Dimensional Alternative to Traditional Nosologies (, Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) (NIMH site), The Promise of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative, 10 Things Everyone Should Understand About Depression, Debate Over Gaming Disorder Is Not All Fun and Games, 7 Ticking Time Bombs That Destroy Loving Relationships, The Single Best (and Hardest) Thing to Give Up, 3 Ways to Reclaim Your Hope and Happiness. 0000137262 00000 n HiTOP not only sees itself on stronger scientific footing than DSM or ICD, but ultimately hopes to simplify and streamline diagnosis by moving us away from the ever-increasing number of questionable DSM and ICD diagnostic categories. Despite many decades of researchresearch which has benefitted from relatively generous funding, as well as from increasing access to new technologies (genome scanning, brain imaging)there is no consistent evidence for these biological causes. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. The Framework considers how we make sense of these frequently difficult experiences, and how messages from wider society can increase feelings of shame, self-blame, isolation, fear, and guilt. Need a practitioner who can treat your specific needs? What did the Nazis begin using gas chambers instead of mobile killing units and shooting squads after a while? Our site has testimonials, over 100 articles, and the Webs first directory of alternative mental health practitioners. It also helps to determine how we handle situations such as stress, how we relate to others and how we make decisions. The changes proposed for Devon are part of a national improvement programme called the Community Mental Health Framework (CMHF). 1.3 Explain alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress The medical framework views mental disorders as a result of physical causes such as substance abuse and brain defects or injury. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 55(4): 177188. Norman, A. D. Flaxman, N. Johns, R. Burstein (2013) Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Mental and Substance Use Disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Version 2.0. Depending on how you use them, mental models can be incredibly constructive, or destructive. The 2 Most Psychologically Incisive Films of 2022, The Surprising Role of Empathy in Traumatic Bonding, How a Stronger Body Can Transform Your Identity, Two Questions to Help You Spot a Clingy Partner-to-Be. Mitazamo ya watoa huduma kwa vitendo /mazoezi inaweza kuwa muhimu sana. Existing foundational literature on the professional population in this region is scarce. Mendenhall, Emily, Gitonga Isaiah, Bernadette Nelson, Abednego Musau, Adam D. Koon, Lahra Smith, Victoria Mutiso, and David Ndetei (2016) Nurses Perceptions of Mental Healthcare in Primary-Care Settings in Kenya. Disease Prevention and Control 46 . African Journal of Psychiatry 16(2): 134140. Correspondence to Can Humans Detect Text by AI Chatbot GPT? 0000004632 00000 n Barkham, Michael, and John Mellor-Clark 2003 Bridging evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence: developing a rigorous and relevant knowledge for the psychological therapies. 1.3 explain two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress 1.4 explain how mental ill health may be indicated through an individual's emotions, thinking and behaviour . Global Public Health 12: 114. Do you use nondrug approaches for mental health? The Hershey Company also sells Hersheys Kisses in bulk 25. Predicting a Firms Financial Distress. Although there is no paucity of theoretical frameworks for explaining people's health service . Clinicians can use these to help inform their work in community mental health care transformation. Community Mental Health Journal 53(2): 143153. Can Humans Detect Text by AI Chatbot GPT? Transcultural Psychiatry 51(6): 777789. Watoa huduma walieleza pia kwamba matarajio ya kawaida na ya kiroho ya ugonjwa wa akili ndio yanathiri sana maamuzi ya matibabu. Indeed, the DSM system is solow in research validity and reliability that two of the largest international research funding bodies have stopped allowing DSM criteria as the basis for medical research. and the classification system of the American Psychiatric Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Rugema, Lawrence, Gunilla Krantz, Ingrid Mogren, Joseph Ntaganira, and Margareta Persson (2015) A Constant Struggle to Receive Mental Health Care: Health Care Professionals Acquired Experience of Barriers to Mental Health Care Services in Rwanda. - 144.76.143.201. PubMedGoogle Scholar. We discussed many of the above alternatives; you can listen by clicking the play button on the podcast player below. These two texts pertain to mental health, which is a significant issue, because it can affect a single person throughout their entire life. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) takes a dimensional approach to diagnosis, eschewing traditional categories found in DSM and ICD because of well-known problems with the reliability and validity of those categories. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: American Psychological Association, Psychology and the Mystery of the "Poisoned" Schoolgirls. Thus, the PTMF assesses the ways in which socially oppressive power structures lead to psychological threat that results in people constructing particular meanings about what has happened to them. You will consider the strengths and limitations of this system and look at alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. Psychological Trauma 9(2): 230238. 2.1 People who have a mental health condition often experience discrimination due to misinformation, assumptions and stereotypes. 17 February 2023 13:00 - 15:00 CET. Introducing the Power Threat Meaning Framework, The Power Threat Meaning Framework (full document outlining the approach). Bracken, P., J. Giller, and D. Summerfield 2016 Primum Non Nocere: The Case for a Critical Approach to Global Mental Health. Hagaman, Ashley K., Bradley H. Wagenaar, Kristen E. McLean, Bonnie N. Kaiser, Kate Winskell, and Brandon A. Kohrt 2013 Suicide in Rural Haiti: Clinical and Community Perceptions of Prevalence, Etiology, and Prevention. With these considerations firmly in mind, the evidence summarized in the Framework does suggest common ways in which people in a particular culture are likely to respond to certain kinds of threat such as being excluded, rejected, trapped, coerced or shamed. Two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress are: Biological and medical frameworks (sometimes referred to as the disease model) and behavioural frameworks. There are tons of free term papers and essays on Explain Two Alternative Frameworks For Understanding Mental Distress on CyberEssays.com. It is intended for officials and specialists involved in radiation emergency planning and risk management as well as MHPSS experts working in health emergencies. Family systems theory was developed in the mid-1950s, while American psychiatrist Murray Bowen was working at the National Institute of Mental Health.Based on his knowledge of family patterns and systems theory, Bowen believed that the personalities, emotions, and behaviors of grown individuals could be traced back to their family interactions. Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH 11(9): 13411349. Two alternative frameworks for Understanding Mental Distress are Biological The parts of the model are made up with the functioning of an individual s body. The individual may start to lose touch with reality and you may also. LinkedIn Image Credit: Phat1978/Shutterstock. . Each year, tens of millions of individuals suffer and are affected by mental illnesses (National Institute of Mental Health, 1). A 40-ounce bag of Hersheys Kisses contains approximately 252 pieces while a 12-ounce bag contains 72 pieces. Outcome 2 Know the impact of mental ill health on individuals and others in their social network. Basically it posits that a mental illness is a disease, just like any other disease, and should be treated and cured like one too. Challenging Narratives: What is The Power Threat Meaning Framework? Explain how mental ill health may be indicated through an individuals emotions thinking and behaviour. Sign up for our free online newsletter, the Alternative Mental Health News. The Community Mental Health Framework for Adults and Older Adults Publishing approval number: 000888 Version number: 1.0 First published: September 2019 Prepared by: NHS England and NHS Improvement and the National Collaborating Central for Mental Health This information can be made available in alternative formats, such as easy read or large The International Classification of Like most of the other approaches discussed, HiTOP still locates pathology within the individual, but does so in a radically different way by replacing a reliance on mutually-exclusive diagnostic categories with more fluid and interrelated personality dimensions. At least in part, this may be because they lack any worked-out alternative. trailer <]/Prev 651868/XRefStm 2949>> startxref 0 %%EOF 2019 0 obj <>stream Because they are widely shared, their identification can give people a message of acceptance and validation. Social Science & Medicine 40(9): 12911298. We hope you find the answers you have been looking for. We also have a wide variety of research papers and book reports available to you for free. Alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress include medical model and behavioural frameworks. Understanding mental distress 14 Explain how mental ill health may be indicated through an individuals emotions thinking and behaviour 2. Singla, Daisy R., Brandon A. Kohrt, Laura K. Murray, Arpita Anand, Bruce F. Chorpita, and Vikram Patel (2017) Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Substance Use/Abuse Prevention 52 . Then, in 2017, a report by the United Nations concluded that we should abandon the predominant medical model that seeks to cure individuals by targeting disorders. 20%. The 2 Most Psychologically Incisive Films of 2022, The Surprising Role of Empathy in Traumatic Bonding, How a Stronger Body Can Transform Your Identity, Two Questions to Help You Spot a Clingy Partner-to-Be. The medical framework views mental disorders as a result of physical causes such as substance abuse and brain defects or injury. Abubakar, Amina, Fons J.R. Van De Vijver, Sadik Mithwani, Elizabeth Obiero, Naomi Lewa, Simon Kenga, Khamis Katana, and Penny Holding 2007 Assessing developmental outcomes in children from Kilifi, Kenya, following prophylaxis for seizures in cerebral malaria. Alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress include medical model and behavioural frameworks. What two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress? 1995 0 obj <> endobj xref This National Service Framework focuses on the mental health needs of working age adults up to 65. This literature review summarizes how these two philosophies of practice are . However, it remains a research initiative attempting to build a diagnostic system from the ground upone that uses biological markers to diagnose mental disorders. Alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress 480 Learn about Prezi PB Pauline Batey Thu May 16 2019 Outline 11 frames Reader view Models of mental distress Models Within society individuals can experience mental distress, or a troubled mind, how we understand individuals in this state of mind can be controversial. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Access to conventional medical care and the use of complementary and alternative medicine. PICO The PICO framework is typically used for topics involving an intervention. BMC Health Services Research 13: 368. You divide your topic into four separate concepts: P atients/Population/Problem you want to focus on It is faster, easier and more profitable to offer drugs like Quietipine (to quieten the patient), than to sit beside those who are suffering or try to understand trauma systemically. It also medicalizes distress, by attributing it primarily to hypothetical biological causes such as neurotransmitter imbalances. Safety and Prevention Strand 44 . SAMHSA's mission is to lead public health and service delivery efforts that promote mental health, prevent substance misuse, and provide treatments and supports to foster recovery while ensuring equitable access and better outcomes. Social Science & Medicine 47(4): 419428. The College originally developed these messages in 2020, but has refreshed them for 2021 to help support clinical engagement in ongoing planning for the . Nevada County Mobile Crisis Team member Sheriff's Deputy Galen Spittler, left, detains a man on a mental health hold while on patrol in Penn Valley on March 15, 2022. Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss 1967 The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Lancet 370(9590): 878889. For others, the main needs will be for practical help and resources, perhaps along with peer support, art, music, exercise, nutrition, community activism and so on. How Psychologically Conditioned Rats Are Defusing Landmines, The Urgent Problem With Seeking Psychiatric Diagnoses for Every Problem, The Merger of Artificial Intelligence and Psychiatry. Jenkins, Rachel, Caleb Othieno, Stephen Okeyo, Julyan Aruwa, James Kingora, and Ben Jenkins 2013 Health System Challenges to Integration of Mental Health Delivery in Primary Care in KenyaPerspectives of Primary Care Health Workers. These are: a) Biological: The parts of the model are made up with: The functioning of an individual's body The individual's biological history - DNA, Bloodline, genetic The chemical balance and processes of an individual's brain. This view is shared by many international trauma experts including Bessel Van Der Kolk, Janina Fisher, Pat Ogden, Lou Cozolino and Judith Hermann. From a diagnostic perspective, many of these responses are called symptoms. While this idea has the benefit of reducing some of the stigma around mental health issues it also presents some serious obstacles to . 0000018643 00000 n Behavioural frameworks are closely aligned to learning theories and have long . The problem in numbers. One person in 250 will have a psychotic illness such as schizophrenia or bipolar affective Unit CMH 302 Understand Mental Health Problems. In fact, it rejects the notion of "psychiatric diagnosis" altogether, arguing that the mental health professions improperly attribute mental distress to "pathology" located within individuals rather than seeing it as a byproduct of socially oppressive circumstances. World Health Organization 2016 mhGAP Intervention Guide for Mental, Nuerological and Substance Use Disorders in Non-specialized Heath Settings. In the middle are responses experienced as habits or compulsions, acquired patterns of thinking, acting, and feeling that are difficult to recognize, change or resist. Self-control Perception and Motivation. PLoS Medicine 10(5): e1001443. Diagnosis tends to individualize mental distress, by obscuring its frequent connections with biographies marked by trauma or adversity. Bloom, S. Fathima, A.B. Let's review some of the main competitors. John Cromby, Ph.D., is a Reader in Psychology at the University of Leicester. 0000002949 00000 n http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/atlas/profiles-2014/tza.pdf?ua=1. Mengine yaliyojuulikana kwa kuchangia ni ugonjwa wa kimwili, matumizi ya madawa ya kulevya/pombe na urithi kama walivyoripoti watoa huduma. 0000004478 00000 n Reviewed by Lybi Ma. The current edition is the ICD-10; the ICD-11 is on its way. It is a coherent alternative to a psychiatric diagnosis that applies not just to people who have been in contact with the mental health or criminal justice systems, but to all of us. When mental health is improperly treated, it can create an extremely negative impact that will lead to disastrous outcomes, which is something that these two texts illustrate with detail. Psychotherapy 43(4): 531548. when we publish an Article. The Framework is a detailed and ambitious attempt to move beyond medicalisation. Of this system and look at alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Mental illness is an important topic that is rarely spoken or taught in todays society. Doc Qcf L3 Workbook Cmh302 Dexter Ter Academia Edu. Geneva, Switzerland. New York: Free Press. Instead of seeing individuals as afflicted with disorders that reside inside them, PTMF sees mental distress as a reasonable and expected (if not always effective) response to unbearable social circumstances. Explain Two Alternative Frameworks For Understanding Mental Distress, Anxiety disorders: People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety or panic, such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating. Explain two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. The American Psychiatric Association recognize this, acknowledging that there are no biomarkers for the putative disorders that DSM5 describes. 0000019466 00000 n All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The estimated cost of mental health issues in lost output between 2011 and 2030. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. The planning framework Providing a safe environment for all helps mental health services and professionals to plan and design services that reduce - and where possible eliminate - the use of restrictive interventions.. Reducing restrictive practices. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 13: 149181. Watters, Ethan (2011) Crazy Like Us: The Globalization of the American Psyche, Reprint edn. We are also clear that it is a work in progress, one that is offered as a resource for individuals, groups, or organizations who might find it useful including, but not just, psychologists. BMC Psychiatry 15: 314. Implementing concrete actions to improve environments for mental health such as stepping up action against intimate partner violence and abuse and neglect of children and older people; enabling nurturing care for early childhood development, making available livelihood support for people with mental health conditions, introducing social and Jonathan D. Raskin, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology and counselor education at the State University of New York at New Paltz. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. Explain two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress. This framework aims to promote integration between the MHPSS and radiation protection fields. Models of care and care pathways for mental health and wellbeing The diagram below shows a 'schematic' overview of links between the main elements in the mental health system. Quality standards for health and Musyimi, Christine W., Victoria N. Mutiso, Erick S. Nandoya, and David M. Ndetei (2016) Forming a Joint Dialogue Among Faith Healers, Traditional Healers and Formal Health Workers in Mental Health in a Kenyan Setting: Towards Common Grounds. Thousands of people around the world have recovered from mental health conditions and now enjoy the simple pleasures of a drug-free life. Influenced by personality dimension research (like that used to arrive at the Big 5 personality traits), HiTOP holds that DSM and ICD categories often suffer from comorbidity problems (i.e., clients qualify for multiple diagnoses, calling into doubt whether the categories truly are distinct diagnostic entities). Each disorder has a list of symptoms all of which must be present for a specified period of time in relation to age and gender what mustnt be present and the personal and social causes of the disorder 13 explain two alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress Alternative frameworks for understanding mental distress include medical model and behavioural. Mutalemwa, P., W. Kisoka, V. Nyigo, V. Barongo, M. N. Malecela, and W. N. Kisinza 2008 Manifestations and Reduction Strategies of Stigma and Discrimination on People Living with HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. Understand Mental Health Problems Free Essay Example, Pdf Unit 4222 619 Understand Mental Health Problems Docx Anna Sliwa Academia Edu, A quart-sized jar can hold approximately 40 Hershey kisses. Childhood mortality has fallen from 23.9% to 3.9% since 1940. But with great power comes great responsibility. How many Hershey kisses are there in a 1 lb bag of Hershey. This part of the model is made up with. Tanzania Journal of Health Research 10(4): 220225. Rather than necessarily assume that biological influence in distress always operates in a manner analogous to illness or disease, the Framework draws upon both current biological thinking and extensive evidence to identify a range of different ways in which biologys contribution might be understood. Google Scholar. Mood disorders as diverse in nature. However, in comparison to the news story that only included the mass shooting event, news stories. Those who agree to seek treatment, consult with a counselor and agree to be labeled has mentally ill. Some of these people become the homeless that wander our street, mistrustful of the very services they have earlier turned to for help. All . By identifying answers to these questions, the Power Threat Meaning Framework can help people to create more hopeful understandings of difficulties they may have faced or are still facing. They assert that the many symptoms of trauma are simply a survival-based adaptation to the original situation, for example hypervigilance or dissociation originating from having to survive an unpredictable or unsafe environment. Mental health is a condition concerning ones psychological and emotional well-being. 2018 Sep;42(3):483-503. doi: 10.1007/s11013-018-9565-z. Mental ill health is so common that at any one time around one in six people of working age have a mental health problem, most often anxiety or depression. Emotional symptoms attached with it are terror and agitation. The Framework invites psychologists to understand distress and troubling behaviour as the product of life experiences as they impact upon embodied people. We welcome your communication. Dementia is a disorder which causes the brain cells to deteriorate therefor causes a decline in several symptoms and affects a persons mentality, capacity and how they go about their everyday life. RDoC is a research framework for investigating mental disorders. This paper explores schools' new role in promoting children's mental health, as a key focus for policy makers across the global north. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 12: 4. Knowing what you value will help you build the most meaningful life possible. Many others have been able to significantly reduce their dependency on psychiatric medication. The power of lived experience and listening to the voices of survivors of trauma and adversity. It offers a way of thinking about these culturally-specific understandings without forcing them into a Western diagnostic model. Even though times have changed and with it opinions, there is still a social stigma surrounding mental illness. Marginalised groups such as mental health consumers seem invisible to DSM oriented practitioners. The NSF for mental health will: combat discrimination against individuals and groups with mental health problems make it easier for for anyone who may have a mental health problem to. It summarizes and integrates a great deal of evidence from psychology, psychiatry neuroscience, genetics, social science, trauma studies, and other relevant fields. The individual may start to lose touch with reality and you may also. Importantly, the Framework does not ignore biology (as critics of diagnosis are so often accused of doing). Woods-Jaeger, Briana A., Christine M. Kava, Christopher F. Akiba, Leah Lucid, and Shannon Dorsey (2017) The Art and Skill of Delivering Culturally Responsive Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Tanzania and Kenya. A diagnostic system that divides psychopathology into six "spectra dimensions." Literature has played a significant role in how mental illnesses are defined, their characteristics, and the portrayal of those who are mentally ill to the public eye. Vocational Education and Apprenticeships | City & Guilds After observing them it will be easier to come up with. Miles, Matthew B., and A. Michael Huberman 1994 Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. The first describes psychological problems as resulting from physical causes such as brain injuries and defects and hereditary factors like Down's syndrome or Cerebral Palsy. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

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