astaxanthin dosage for skin

Immune suppression and skin cancer development: Regulation by NKT cells. Astaxanthin intervention ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and early hepatocarcinogenesis in rat: Role of Nrf2, p53, p38 and phase-II enzymes. Lim K.C., Yusoff F.M., Shariff M., Kamarudin M.S. First, these results suggest that the ASX isomer pattern in human plasma resembles that of the ingested salmon. These results demonstrate that ASX may improve skin condition in both men and women. Chen W.P., Xiong Y., Shi Y.X., Hu P.F., Bao J.P., Wu L.D. [66] conducted an in vitro study and in parallel, a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study with 65 healthy female subjects for 16 weeks to verify the effects of oral ASX supplementation (6 or 12 mg) on skin integrity. In particular, the polar end groups quench free radicals, while the double bonds of its middle segment remove high-energy electrons. In another study by Tominaga et al. Xu N., Lao Y., Zhang Y., Gillespie D.A. Several reports indicated that ASX decreased CP-induced oxidative stress and subsequent oxidative DNA damage [57,58]. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Safety issues have arisen regarding the use of synthetic ASX for human consumption, while the ASX derived from H. pluvialis is the main source for several human applications, including dietary supplements, cosmetics, and food. Moreover, novel delivery strategies including various type of formulations such as nanoparticles, topical application cream, and defined phospholipid complexes offer significant promise and are worthy of further exploration in attempts to enhance the bioavailability of this interesting molecule. Park J.S., Mathison B.D., Hayek M.G., Massimino S., Reinhart G.A., Chew B.P. Consistent with this, a recent study with 44 healthy subjects showed that a combination of ASX (2 mg/day) and collagen hydrolysate (2 mg/day) for 12 weeks improves elasticity and barrier integrity in human skin. Timares L., Katiyar S.K., Elmets C.A. In addition, skin elasticity improvements were observed in the high-dose group compared with that of the placebo group in participants with high skin moisture content. Suganuma K., Nakajima H., Ohtsuki M., Imokawa G. Astaxanthin attenuates the UVA-induced up-regulation of matrix-metalloproteinase-1 and skin fibroblast elastase in human dermal fibroblasts. The new PMC design is here! Astaxanthin stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in cats. For example, ASX inhibits the UV-induced DNA damage and increases the expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes [21]. ASX caused a significant decrease in the levels of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and decreased the release of prostaglandin E2 from keratinocytes after UV irradiation [30]. Dietary astaxanthin enhances immune response in dogs. Tiberio, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; ti.lominu@iningapacs.innavoig, 2FB Dermatology, Borupvang 5C, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark; moc.acserelk@nem. Also, the chronic intake of 16 and 40 mg per day of ASX has been suggested as safe in patients suffering with functional dyspepsia [83]. Considering the small number of subjects included in these bioavailability studies, future research should try to replicate these findings in doses equivalent to those advised by the different authorities such as the EFSA and FDA. In particular, ASX inhibits ROS formation and modulates the expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a marker of oxidative stress and a regulatory mechanism involved in the cell adaptation against oxidative damage [21]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Yuan J.P., Peng J., Yin K., Wang J.H. Tripathi D.N., Jena G.B. Spiller G.A., Dewell A. HO-1 is regulated via various stress-sensitive transcription factors, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), which binds to antioxidant response elements in the promoter regions of enzymes of the detoxifying metabolism [22]. Methodological pitfalls afflicting in vitro experiments and animal models need to be considered for the interpretation of these results. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is a key mechanism utilized by mammalian cells for the repair of damaged DNA [54]. Chen Y., Lyga J. Brain-skin connection: Stress, inflammation and skin aging. Although ASX displayed molecular and protective mechanisms of action to promote and/or improve human skin health, it may not be easy to translate these results to humans. Wolf A.M., Asoh S., Hiranuma H., Ohsawa I., Iio K., Satou A., Ishikura M., Ohta S. Astaxanthin protects mitochondrial redox state and functional integrity against oxidative stress. In addition, the source of ASX used in cell culture and animal studies is often of unknown origin. Following release from the food matrix, carotenoids accumulate in the lipid droplets within the gastric juices and then are incorporated into micelles. In these studies, ASX increased natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity, suggesting that ASX may regulate NK cells that serve as an immunosurveillance system against tumours and virus-infected cells [39,40]. Mercke Odeberg J., Lignell A., Pettersson A., Hglund P. Oral bioavailability of the antioxidant astaxanthin in humans is enhanced by incorporation of lipid based formulations. Oxidative stress in severe acute illness. Davinelli S., Sapere N., Visentin M., Zella D., Scapagnini G. Enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis with polyphenols: Combined effects of resveratrol and equol in human endothelial cells. Kidd P. Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti-aging potential. Intervention of astaxanthin against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage: A study in mice. Zouboulis C.C., Makrantonaki E. Clinical aspects and molecular diagnostics of skin aging. This scientific opinion was reiterated later by an EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA), where it was concluded that the safety of 4 mg of ASX per day (0.06 mg/kg bw) had yet to be fully established [78]. Rao A.R., Sindhuja H.N., Dharmesh S.M., Sankar K.U., Sarada R., Ravishankar G.A. This effect involves the regulation of free radical production by influencing xanthine oxidase (XO) and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox); both contribute to the generation of ROS [26]. Although ASX can be also synthesized by plants, bacteria, and microalgae, the chlorophyte alga Haematococcus pluvialis is considered to have the highest capacity to accumulate ASX [2]. Interestingly, at days 3, 6, 10, and 14, but not at day 28, the ASX concentrations in human plasma were significantly greater after ingestion of aquacultured salmon. Moreover, unlike other carotenoids, ASX is not converted into vitamin A. Enriched Astaxanthin Extract from Haematococcus pluvialis Augments Growth Factor Secretions to Increase Cell Proliferation and Induces MMP1 Degradation to Enhance Collagen Production in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Chalyk N.E., Klochkov V.A., Bandaletova T.Y., Kyle N.H., Petyaev I.M. Lorencini M., Brohem C.A., Dieamant G.C., Zanchin N.I., Maibach H.I. Bar-Or D., Bar-Or R., Rael L.T., Brody E.N. There are several ASX stereoisomers in nature ((3S, 3S), (3R, 3R), and (3R, 3S)) that differ in the configuration of the two hydroxyl groups on the molecule. Furthermore, the AKT pathway plays key roles in modulating genome stability and DNA damage responses. Supplementating with dietary astaxanthin combined with collagen hydrolysate improves facial elasticity and decreases matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -12 expression: A comparative study with placebo. Studies of immunomodulating actions of carotenoids II. The .gov means its official. The latest trend in antiaging strategies is to use a combination of dietary and oral supplements to produce extra physiologic benefits [71,72,73,74]. Damage to these structures leads to the production of reactive intermediates, cell death, and inflammatory responses. Toxicological aspects have been characterized and ASX appears to be a safe and bioavailable compound. Molecular and morphological changes in aged skin not only compromise its protective role, but also contribute to the appearance of skin symptoms, including excessive dryness and pruritus, as well as increased predisposition to the formation or deepening of wrinkles, dyspigmentation, fragility and difficulty in healing injuries, alteration in skin permeability to drugs, impaired ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli, skin irritation, and tumor incidence [13,14]. After six weeks of treatment, significant improvements were observed in skin moisture and elasticity [69]. The same authors also conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study involving 36 healthy male subjects supplemented with 6 mg of ASX for six weeks. Furthermore, the Nrf2-targeted proteins HO-1 and antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) were significantly upregulated in irradiated cells in the presence of ASX. UV-induced damage of DNA can lead to mutations, apoptosis, or malignant transformations of cells. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Xue X.L., Han X.D., Li Y., Chu X.F., Miao W.M., Zhang J.L., Fan S.J. Oxidant events of skin aging involve damage to DNA, the inflammatory response, reduced production of antioxidants, and the generation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen and elastin in the dermal skin layer [16,17,18]. ASX is primarily biosynthesized by microalgae/phytoplankton, accumulating in zooplankton and crustaceans and subsequently in fish, from where it is added to the higher levels in the food chain. Visioli F., Artaria C. Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: Mechanisms of action, therapeutic merits, and knowledge gaps. Moreover, other authors have shown that ASX increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in mice. In skin, ASX has been shown to improve dermal health by direct and downstream influences at several different steps of the oxidative stress cascade, while inhibiting inflammatory mediators at the same time [12]. It is worth mentioning that currently, 95% of ASX available in the market is produced synthetically using petrochemicals due to cost-efficiency for mass production. In 2001, Seki et al. A second preliminary human study performed by Yamahita in 1995 [68] showed in healthy male subjects (n = 7) that topical natural ASX from krill significantly reduces erythema by 60% at 98 h after UV-B exposure. The most important and abundant structures of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) are collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Considerable evidence suggests that suppression of immune system contributes to the development of solar UV-induced cutaneous malignancies, including melanoma and non-melanoma, in both mouse models and humans [34,35,36]. The authors observed an antiwrinkle effect in female human subjects (n = 3), using a topical cream containing ASX combined with other active ingredients. Active ingredients against human epidermal aging. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Moreover, ASX may prevent UV-induced immunosuppression. The main components that confer an aged skin appearance are damaged structural and functional proteins that form the ECM. Okada Y., Ishikura M., Maoka T. Bioavailability of astaxanthin in Haematococcus algal extract: The effects of timing of diet and smoking habits. This review summarizes the available data on the functional role of astaxanthin in skin physiology, outlines potential mechanisms involved in the response to astaxanthin, and highlights the potential clinical implications associated with its consumption. All three lipid-based formulations enhanced the bioavailability of ASX, but the highest bioavailability was observed with the formulation containing the highest content of the hydrophilic synthetic surfactant. PMC legacy view Anti-inflammatory effect of Astaxanthin in phthalic anhydride-induced atopic dermatitis animal model. Recently, an enriched ASX extract from H. pluvialis increased collagen content through inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in human dermal fibroblasts [50]. The mechanisms of intrinsic (chronological) and extrinsic (photo-) aging include the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via oxidative metabolism and exposure to sun ultraviolet (UV) light, respectively. ASX increased antibody production in mouse splenocytes, restored humoral immune response in old mice, and induced production of polyclonal antibodies G and M in murine spleen cells [42,43,44]. Extensive research during the last two decades has revealed the mechanism by which continued oxidative stress leads to chronic inflammation, which in turn, mediates most chronic diseases including neurodegeneration, cancer, and skin damage [27,28,29]. Parker R.S. Effective inhibition of skin cancer, tyrosinase, and antioxidative properties by astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Higuera-Ciapara I., Flix-Valenzuela L., Goycoolea F.M. In addition, ASX has several essential biological functions in marine animals, including pigmentation, protection against ultraviolet (UV) light effects, communication, immune response, reproductive capacity, stress tolerance, and protection against oxidation of macromolecules [4]. Although still debated, a range of potential mechanisms through which astaxanthin might exert its benefits on skin homeostasis have been proposed, including photoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. ASX did not influence the concentration of plasma C-reactive proteins, but levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (a DNA damage biomarker) were dramatically lower in the group fed higher doses of ASX. In a randomized and double-blind trial, 28 healthy men consumed 250 g of wild or aquacultured salmon daily for four weeks, which provided 5 mg ASX/day from salmon flesh. Astaxanthin supplementation does not augment fat use or improve endurance performance. Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: A randomized clinical trial. Camera E., Mastrofrancesco A., Fabbri C., Daubrawa F., Picardo M., Sies H., Stahl W. Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and beta-carotene differently affect UVA-induced oxidative damage and expression of oxidative stress-responsive enzymes. ASX is ubiquitous in nature, especially found in the marine environment as a red-orange pigment common to many aquatic animals such as salmonids, shrimp, and crayfish. In addition, UV-induced ROS stimulate the synthesis of MMPs that are responsible for the degradation of ECM, and in particular, MMPs can fully degrade collagen [46]. Chou HY., Lee C., Pan J.L., Wen Z.H., Huang S.H., Lan C.W., Liu W.T., Hour T.C., Hseu Y.C., Hwang B.H., et al. Accessibility Significant improvements were observed in skin wrinkle, age spot size, elasticity, and skin texture [15]. Moreover, ASX was shown to exert its protective effects against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage by activating Nrf2 and modulating NQO1 and HO-1 expressions [56]. Yamahita E. The Effect of a dietary supplement containing astaxanthin on skin condition. Niu T., Xuan R., Jiang L., Wu W., Zhen Z., Song Y., Hong L., Zheng K., Zhang J., Xu Q., et al. Astaxanthin down-regulates Rad51 expression via inactivation of AKT kinase to enhance mitomycin C-induced cytotoxicity in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Some similar studies also reported that ASX inhibited the expression of MMPs in different cells, including macrophages and chondrocytes [48,49]. These modifications lead to the loss of tensile strength and recoil capacity, wrinkle formation, dryness, and impaired wound healing [45]. Although there is no health claim or therapeutic indication approved by the EFSA or FDA, ASX has a great potential in the global market of nutraceuticals. Santocono M., Zurria M., Berrettini M., Fedeli D., Falcioni G. Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells. Moodycliffe A.M., Nghiem D., Clydesdale G., Ullrich S.E. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, augments antibody responses in cultures including T-helper cell clones and suboptimal doses of antigen. Astaxanthin Induces the Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Pathway in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Generating Trace Amounts of ROS. Oxidation events and skin aging. Boussiba S. Carotenogenesis in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis: Cellular physiology and stress response. Recently, ASX has attracted considerable interest because of its potential pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities as well as neuro-, cardiovascular, ocular, and skin-protective effects [8]. Davinelli S., Maes M., Corbi G., Zarrelli A., Willcox D.C., Scapagnini G. Dietary phytochemicals and neuro-inflammaging: From mechanistic insights to translational challenges. Ko J.C., Chen J.C., Wang T.J., Zheng H.Y., Chen W.C., Chang P.Y., Lin Y.W. The inhibitory effect of ASX on the production of iNOS has important implications for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs for skin inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). 8600 Rockville Pike Abbreviations: , increase; , decrease; ASX, astaxanthin; NK, natural killer; IL-6, interleukin-6; MDA, malondialdehyde; RSSC, residual skin surface components; N/S, not specified; TEWL, transepidermal water loss; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase. For example, in vitro studies on human lymphocytes have demonstrated enhancement by ASX of immunoglobulin production in response to T cell-dependent stimuli [38]. will also be available for a limited time. Davinelli S., Chiosi F., Di Marco R., Costagliola C., Scapagnini G. Cytoprotective Effects of Citicoline and Homotaurine against Glutamate and High Glucose Neurotoxicity in Primary Cultured Retinal Cells. Interestingly, IL-1 levels in the stratum corneum were maintained only in the high-dose group. The absorption of ASX from different sources has been investigated in several animal species, including mice, rats, dogs, and humans. However, the potential skin-protective effects of ASX have also been investigated in humans. ASX significantly influences immune function in several in vitro and in vivo assays [37]. It appears that a higher proportion of ASX is absorbed when is delivered in an oil-based formulation. We thank group members of Solgar Italia Multrinutrient S.p.A. for their thorough review and helpful discussions during the preparation of this manuscript and for their help in elaborating the search strategy. In particular, ASX has been reported to have a potent capacity to block the nuclear translocation of the NF-B p65 subunit and IB degradation through its inhibitory effect on NB kinase (IKK) activity [32]. [25] observed that ASX upregulated Nrf2 expression in irradiated cells. During wound healing, the ECM at the wound site undergoes dramatic reorganization. Although further studies are needed to better elucidate the specific mode of action of ASX in enhancing the immune response, collectively, these observations suggest that ASX may be a potential tool against UV-induced immunosuppression. Human cells possess multiple protection mechanisms against UV-induced ROS, either by preventing damage or by damage repair. about navigating our updated article layout. In particular, ASX has been reported to exhibit multiple biological activities to preserve skin health and achieve effective skin cancer chemoprevention [9]. The biologically harmful effects associated with UV radiation exposure are largely the result of errors in DNA repair, which can lead to oncogenic mutations. It has been shown that ASX treatment prevents the deleterious effects of UV by decreasing UV-induced reactive nitrogen species production, inflammatory cytokine expression, and apoptosis in keratinocytes. In particular, 31 middle-aged subjects received 4-mg daily doses of ASX, and the plasma levels of MDA decreased during ASX consumption (by 11.2% on day 15 and by 21.7% on day 29). In addition, supercritical CO2 extracts from H. pluvialis have been granted novel food status by the FDA and recognized as GRAS status (generally recognized as safe) [3]. The commercial production of this pigment has traditionally been performed by chemical synthesis, but the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis appears to be the most promising source for its industrial biological production. Hart P.H., Norval M. Ultraviolet radiation-induced immunosuppression and its relevance for skin carcinogenesis. [67] conducted a small pilot study with ASX from H. pluvialis to investigate the wrinkle reduction effect on the skin of 45 healthy subjects. Davinelli S., Bertoglio J.C., Zarrelli A., Pina R., Scapagnini G. A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of an Anthocyanin-Maqui Berry Extract (Delphinol. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in human skin aging and dermal damage. Zague V. A new view concerning the effects of collagen hydrolysate intake on skin properties. Acta Dermatovenerol. ASX-treated wounds showed significantly increased expression of wound healing biological markers such as collagen type I 1 (Col1A1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [52]. Whos on first in the cellular response to DNA damage? Furr H.C., Clark R.M. The DNA photoproducts generated by UV-induced DNA damage are altered DNA structures that activate a cascade of responses, beginning with the initiation of cell-cycle arrest and activation of DNA repair mechanisms [53]. Following six days of intervention with wild salmon (3S, 3S isomer), plasma ASX concentrations reached a plateau of 39 nmol/L, and of 52 nmol/L after administration of aquacultured salmon (3R, 3S). Jyonouchi H., Sun S., Tomita Y., Gross M.D. Blume-Peytavi U., Kottner J., Sterry W., Hodin M.W., Griffiths T.W., Watson R.E., Hay R.J., Griffiths C.E. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble molecules, and the absorption of ASX is influenced positively by dietary lipids. In an open parallel study, eight healthy male volunteers received a single dose of 40 mg of ASX as three different lipid-based formulations (n = 8 for each group). [64] conducted the first comprehensive study to investigate the action of dietary ASX in modulating immune response, oxidative status, and inflammation in young healthy adult female human subjects. In particular, we will discuss the effects of ASX on cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as the regulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, modulation of the immune response, prevention of skin damage, and regulation of DNA repair. These micelles diffuse into the plasma membrane of enterocytes, and carotenoids are transported in the circulation by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [84]. Consistent with these studies, Xue et al. The predominant form found in H. pluvialis and in salmon species is the stereoisomer form 3S, 3S [3]. A dermatological assessment revealed significant reduction of wrinkles and puffiness on the lower eye and cheeks after two weeks of use. The exposure of the skin to UV radiation causes DNA damage. Okai Y., Higashi-Okai K. Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments. Meephansan J., Rungjang A., Yingmema W., Deenonpoe R., Ponnikorn S. Effect of astaxanthin on cutaneous wound healing. Cline S.D., Hanawalt P.C. It has been shown that ASX is an effective compound for accelerating wound healing in full-thickness dermal wounds in mice. Tominaga K., Hongo N., Karato M., Yamashita E. Cosmetic effects of astaxanthin for all layers of skin. Yamahita E. Suppression of post-UVB hyperpigmentation by topical astaxanthin from krill. Jyonouchi H., Sun S., Iijima K., Gross M.D. Komatsu T., Sasaki S., Manabe Y., Hirata T., Sugawara T. Preventive effect of dietary astaxanthin on UVA-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice. Astaxanthin: A review of its chemistry and applications. For example, the acute intake of 40 mg of ASX has also been reported as well-tolerated in 32 healthy participants with only three mild events reported in the 48 h post-intake [82].

Elizabeth Arden Green Tea Powder, Women's Facial Hair Remover, Girls Denim Jacket 4 Blue Carters, Fruit Flavored Toothpaste For Adults, Shimano 105 Brake Shift Lever, Simple Silver Diamond Ring,

Posted by on Thursday, July 22nd, 2021 @ 5:42AM
Categories: louis vuitton card wallet women's