characteristics of persian carpets

Mahmud proclaimed himself 'Shah' of Persia. He ordered the floors of his residence to be covered with carpets from Frs.[25]. ), Kilim, 28cm (0.793.15in), natural colours or stripes, Kilim, 25cm (0.791.97in), interlaced or brocaded, Kilim, 215cm (0.795.91in), natural colours or dyed stripes, 225cm (0.799.84in), coloured stripes and brocaded, bright, shining red, different hues of blue, scarcely yellow, green, Allover Animal and Floral Carpet - Austrian, Medaillion Animal and Floral Carpet with Inscription Guard -, Inscribed Medaillon Carpet with Animal and Flowers and Inscription Border -. [59], In 2008, Irans exports of hand-woven carpets was $420 million or 30% of the world's market. These carpets are typically smaller in size. For more elaborate, especially curvilinear designs, the patterns are carefully drawn to scale in the proper colours on graph paper. Loop weaving is done by pulling the weft strings over a gauge rod, creating loops of thread facing the weaver. The rod is then either removed, leaving the loops closed, or the loops are cut over the protecting rod, resulting in a rug very similar to a genuine pile rug. The art of carpet-weaving was handed down from generation to generation and considered a family treasure, allowing artists to ply a respected trade. More often, wool said to be camel's wool turns out to be dyed sheep wool. This diversity promoted the creation of tapestries that reflected the same level of diversity. Rugs produced on horizontal looms are generally fairly small and the weave quality is inferior to those rugs made on a professional standing loom. [39] With these events, the Safavid dynasty had come to an end. [Xen. The weaver then discontinues the pattern at a certain stage, e.g., when the lower horizontal border is finished, and starts anew with the vertical borders. Silk or cotton makes up the middle weft, which crosses from back to front. Single design elements can also be arranged in groups, forming a more complex pattern:[25][34], Pictorial carpet with Tree of life, birds, plants, flowers and vase motifs, Safavid period carpet (detail): Shah Abbasi motif, Karaja carpet with Bid Majnn, or "weeping willow" design, Northwest Persia, 18th century carpet with Harshang or crab design, Bijar Rug with Bid Majnn, or "weeping willow" design, A carpet from Varamin with the Mina Khani motif, Pictorial carpet: Quran verses are woven into a Persian carpet. As a result of political unrest or commercial pressure, carpet weaving has gone through periods of decline throughout the decades. They are usually sold at higher prices due to the large amount of manual work associated with their production, which has, essentially, not changed since ancient times, and due to the artistic value of their design. The corner articulations are a particularly challenging part of rug design. [44] A serviceable carpet can be made with jufti knots, and jufti knots are sometimes used in large single-colour areas of a rug, for example in the field, to save on material. [63], This article is about pile-woven Persian (or Iranian) rugs. Iran is also the maker of the largest handmade carpet in history, measuring 5,624.9 square metres (60,545.9 square feet). Bijar is also famous for their wet loom technique, which consists of wetting the warp, weft, and yarn with water throughout the weaving process to compact the wool and allow for a particularly heavy compression of the pile, warps, and wefts. Familiar configurations of powerful flower head medallions, complementary spandrels and borders with angular stylized vinery, floral infill and bold palmettes rendered in an inimitably geometric fashion, have a charming simplicity of line. Many of the carpet weavers in Iran are village girls who drop out of school after the fifth or sixth grade and devote their time to making carpets to make money for their families. ~, The Feraghan district located south of Tehran, encompassed the cities of Arak, Qum and Kashan, an area with a long and illustrious history of rug and carpet weaving. The same holds true for European paintings: Unlike Anatolian carpets, Persian carpets were not depicted in European paintings before the seventeenth century. They traditionally have had a higher knot count. Bijar is a small city in Northwestern Iran about 150 miles south of Tabriz. He described that in Timur's palace at Samarkand, "everywhere the floor was covered with carpets and reed mattings". The most elaborate boteh are found in rugs woven around Kerman. Traditional hand woven carpets, made of sheep wool dyed with natural colours are increasingly sought after. The United States is the single largest importer of Persian hand woven carpets. Additionally, antique Malayer rugs regularly enjoy a low cut pile. In-between the border medallions, phoenixes and dragons are fighting. Among some other rug-making towns and regions are Bakhtiar, Bidjar, Bakshaish & Heriz, Fereghan, Bibikabad, Tehran, Qum, Joshegan, Malayer, Sarab, City carpets from Turkey and Iran are known for their formal, dense curved floral patterns. According to Doris Leslie Blau: The designs of these antique Persian Kashan rugs and carpets successfully combine the ubiquitous central medallion with pendant systems, enhanced by corner spandrels and repeating floral compositions. [25], Persian (asymmetric) knot, open to the right, Variants of the "Jufti" knot woven around four warps, Knitting an asymmetric knot, open to the right, with a knitting hook similar to the Tabriz type. They belong to the most finely woven Persian rugs, with knot counts up to 400 per square inch (6200/dm2). In 1935, Rez Shh founded the Iran Carpet Company, and brought carpet weaving under government control. Carpets woven in Bijar and the surrounding villages show more varied designs than Senneh rugs, which has led to the distinction between "city" and "village" Bijar rugs. Abrash can also be introduced on purpose into a newly planned carpet design. These may number from one up to over ten, but usually there is one wider main border surrounded by minor, or guardian borders. Prominent central medaillons are frequently seen with rectilinear outlines highlighted in white. Today computers are used in the production of scale drawings for the weavers. : "six districts") rugs are distinguished by small, central, lozenge-shaped medallions surrounded by small figures aligned in concentric lozenges radiating from the center. There are no surviving Persian carpets from the reigns of the Achaemenian (553330 BC), Seleucid (312129 BC), and Parthian (ca. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com, please contact me. Between each row of knots, one or more shots of weft are passed to keep the knots fixed. Its tensile strength has been used in silk warps, but silk also appears in the carpet pile. In Odyssey Book VII and X "carpets" are mentioned. The end of Shah Abbas II's reign in 1666 marked the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. The roller beam loom is used in larger Turkish manufactures, but is also found in Persia and India. There are no records of carpet weaving, which had sunk to an insignificant handicraft, during the Afsharid and Zand dynasties. The description of the rug's design by al-Tabari makes it seem unlikely that the carpet was pile woven. The discoverer of the Pazyryk carpet, Sergei Rudenko, assumed it to be a product of the contemporary Achaemenids. Its occurrence suggests that a single weaver has likely woven the carpet, who did not have enough time or resources to prepare a sufficient quantity of dyed yarn to complete the rug. In 1722, an Afghan army led by Mir Mahmud Hotaki marched across eastern Iran, and besieged and took Isfahan. These Persian tapestries are some of the most beautiful in existence, and they are also one of the easiest types to identify. In 1381, Timur invaded Iran and became the founder of the Timurid Empire. The Safavid carpets known to us differ from the carpets as depicted in the miniature paintings, so the paintings cannot support any efforts to differentiate, classify and date period carpets. Following the Afghan invasion in 1722, there was a significant decline in Persian carpet production until the late nineteenth century when European demand for Persian rugs contributed to a major revival in the art form. Large, interconnected medaillons fill the field. The Kurds are an ethnic group, mostly inhabiting the area spanning adjacent parts of southeastern (Turkey), western (Iran), northern (Iraq), and northern (Syria). Weaving normally begins from the bottom of the loom, by passing a number of wefts through the warps to form a base to start from. A variety of additional instruments are used for packing the weft. This thickness contributes to the rugs unusual durability, which can be perfect for anyone searching for a highly durable antique carpet. Yalameh carpets more resemble Khamseh designs with hooked medaillons arranged in the field. A number of different tools may be used to shear the wool depending on how the rug is trimmed as the weaving progresses or when the rug is complete. [44] As is generally the case with village and nomadic rugs, the foundation of village rugs is more predominantly of wool. On the other hand, the renewed interest in natural dyes[43] was taken up by commercial enterprises, which commission carpets to tribal village weavers. Small compartment designs of repeating stars are often seen, or lozenge-shaped medallions with anchor-like hooks on both ends. Arabian geographers and historians visiting Persia provide, for the first time, references to the use of carpets on the floor. The ornaments have to be woven in a way that the pattern continues without interruption around the corners between horizontal and vertical borders. To the east of the Zagros range is Chahar Mahal, the area where the bulk of antique Persian Bakhtiar rugs and carpets were produced. They are characterized by their use of orange dyes, the boteh motif is often seen. Wool, warps white (Q.) Usually, there is only one border. Reza Shah introduced social, economic, and political reforms, ultimately laying the foundation of the modern Iranian state. Carpet weaving is an essential part of Persian culture and Iranian art. The composition of the rugs also demonstrates Persian tradition. [25], Cotton forms the foundation of warps and wefts of the majority of modern rugs. ~, According to Doris Leslie Blau: Sarouk rugs derive their name from a village found twenty miles north of Arak, Iran. [62] In 2017, Iran exported $24.3 million worth of hand-woven carpets but was far from the top producer Turkey, which exported $1.77 billion worth of hand-woven carpets in the same year. The lines composing the designs are typically curvilinear. Rugs from Seraband, Hamadan, and Fars sometimes show the boteh in an all-over pattern. The weavers of Tabriz took the opportunity, and around 1885 became the founders of the modern industry of carpet weaving in Persia.[25]. The field is most often red, details are often woven in yellow or ivory. The fabric is further compacted by using wefts of different thickness. In contrast to manufactory rugs, there is considerable variety in treating the selvedges and fringes. The companies usually provide the material and specify the designs, but the weavers are allowed some degree of creative freedom. [4] Flat-woven rugs are made by tightly interweaving the warp and weft strands of the weave to produce a flat surface with no pile. The Khamseh (lit. To begin making a rug, one needs a foundation consisting of warps and wefts: Warps are strong, thick threads of cotton, wool or silk which run through the length of the rug. They weave small-format rugs and a variety of bags with dark red and blue colours, often combined with dark brown and white. The horse saddlecloths are woven in different designs. Usually, sheep are shorn in spring and fall. [25] The most important subtribes are the Qashguli, Shishbuluki, Darashuri, Farsimadan, and Amaleh. anab. For flat-woven rugs, see, The Pazyryk carpet: Earliest pile-woven carpet, The advent of Islam and the Caliphates: 6511258, Seljuq invasion and Turko-Persian tradition: 10401118, The Mongol Ilkhanate (12561335) and Timurid Empire (13701507), Safavid "Vase technique" carpets from Kirmn, Gallery: Persian carpets from the Safavid Era, The Afsharid (17361796) and Zand (17501796) dynasties, Rudenko, Sergei I., Frozen Tombs of Siberia, The Pazyryk Burials of Iron-Age Horseman (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 1970), International Congress of Byzantine Studies, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, "UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity", "Kuwait Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah rugs and textiles collection", "Oriental rugs: the meanings behind the designs", "Persian Rugs & The Silent War On Decoration", "Which countries export Hand-Woven Rugs? Warps and wefts were often in white. An antique Tabriz can be made of cotton or silk and woven as a pile carpet or flat-weave. VII.3.18), " ." Most in existence today have a production year prior to 1940. Abrash is seen in traditionally dyed oriental rugs. The three important Qajr monarchs Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, and Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar revived the ancient traditions of the Persian monarchy. The colors used are generally red and brown, and the designs are frequently geometric. Some fine carpets have silk warps dyed in different colours which create fringes in different colours known as "rainbow warps" in the rug trade. Some feature medallions, hunting scenes, flowers, and gardens Others prayer and pictorial rugs interpreted in a curvilinear manner. It was in this fertile, creative atmosphere that the weavers of Tabriz rugs for the Court were inspired to reach for new artistic heights and created exceptional oriental rugs and carpets. Weavers trimmed the pile in order to enhance the appearance of the design. Unable to migrate, having lost their herds, many nomadic families starved to death. In 2010, the "traditional skills of carpet weaving" in Fars Province and Kashan were inscribed to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[2][3]. In Tabriz the knife is combined with a hook to tie the knots, which speeds up work. The lowest grade of wool used in carpet weaving is "skin" wool, which is removed chemically from dead animal skin. Insect dyes were more frequently used in areas where Madder (Rubia tinctorum) was not grown, like west and north-west Persia. Under the benign patronage of Shah Abbas the Great (1587-1629), artists and artisans designed illuminated manuscripts, embroidered silks, painted miniatures and fabricated metal work in the Safavid style. Wool is used for warp, weft, and pile, the yarn is crudely spun, and the fragments are woven with the asymmetric knot associated with Persian and far-eastern carpets. Likewise, they require artists to create the design, weavers to execute them on the loom, and an efficient way to communicate the artist's ideas to the weaver. When the end of the field is reached, patterns may be cut off intentionally, thus creating the impression that they continue beyond the borders of the rug. A tendency of integrating regional traditions of the surrounding areas, like Anatolian or northwestern Persian designs was observed, which sometimes show distinct, unusual design variations leading to suggest a Kurdish production from within the adjacent areas. Nomadic and small village weavers often produce rugs with bolder and sometimes more coarse designs, which are considered as the most authentic and traditional rugs of Persia, as opposed to the artistic, pre-planned designs of the larger workplaces. ~, According to Doris Leslie Blau: Tehran rugs set the standard for quality and workmanship. The Hamadan region actually consists of over one thousand villages. [25], With modern synthetic dyes, nearly every colour and shade can be obtained so that without chemical analysis it is nearly impossible to identify, in a finished carpet, whether natural or artificial dyes were used. Frequently the design is more rectilinear, but Bijar rugs are more easily identified by their peculiar, stiff and heavy weaving than by any design. There are documentary records of carpets being used by the ancient Greeks. These rugs are also an object of interest for museums and collectors. ~, According to Doris Leslie Blau: Hamadan is an ancient city in the area formerly known as Persia and now Iran. [58], Tabriz is the market center for the Iranian Northwest. The tightness of the weave is often indicated by the clarity and sharpness of the rug's design. The flat-woven ends often show multiple narrow stripes. In 1722, Peter the Great launched the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723), capturing many of Iran's Caucasian territories, including Derbent, Shaki, Baku, but also Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad. Antique Persian Kirman carpets of this period, especially the Lavar group woven in the town of Ravar, are known for their fine weave, delicate drawing, incomparable range of color, and are still much in demand today. The type of material used, the method of tying knots and the density of knots per inch, combined with specific design schemes all give a unique cultural fingerprint to each carpet or rug. To this day, the term Sultanabad or Ziegler rug denotes an outstanding antique Mahal rug or carpet from the late nineteenth century. They then threaded the wool wefts, leaving some tight and others sinuous, giving an immediately recognizable wavy finish to the carpet. If the ornaments articulate correctly around the corners, the corners are termed to be "resolved", or "reconciled". Once a section of the carpet is completed, is rolled on to the lower beam. Hand-woven Persian rugs and carpets have been regarded as objects of high artistic and utilitarian value and prestige since the first time they were mentioned by ancient Greek writers. The Muslim conquest of Persia led to the end of the Sasanian Empire in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. This diversity is seen in the range of motifs which can range from well-known and original Persian motifs to western motifs; striped and repetitive motifs, vase, Toranj (Citron), symmetric, garden, animal shapes, and pictorial rugs.

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