descriptive representation pros and cons

Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Teigen, M. (2000). Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. However, what good representation should be is debated. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Register or login to make commenting easier. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. thanked the writer. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Vibert, F. (2007). Guinier, L. (1994). There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. For minorities, America is not the land of the free. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. Quantitativist. 1938). Affordable. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. 2. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. 8. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto . Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Would perfect mobility be perfect? The concept of representation. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. 2. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. (1995). Various reasons clarify why this is. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. Her work has appeared on various digital properties, including USAToday.com. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? Habermas, J. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. 1. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. New York: Free Press. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Pros of Representative Democracy. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. Cons. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Fraser, N. (2003). The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Enter your library card number to sign in. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. Swift, A. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . (2014). You do not currently have access to this chapter. Aldershot: Ashgate. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. There are many different types of data presentation. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Phillips, A. Gender and discourse. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. View all access and purchase options for this article. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. Barry, B. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. Social representation. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Young, I. M. (1994). Cornell, D. (1998). In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. New York: Oxford University Press. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Lovenduski, J. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. #1) Waterfall Model. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. therefore, it is used by various industries Mart, J. L. (2006). For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Mansbridge, J. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Previous Figure Next Figure. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). State feminism and political representation. Wngnerud, L. (2009). It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Democratic political theory. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. University of Neuchtel. Pennock, J. R. (1979). 518). Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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